{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"noa_sohpcr_u-0008","title":"Oral history interview with Robert Lee Mangum, November 18, 2003","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Maynor, Malinda M.","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Robeson County, 34.64009, -79.10353"],"dcterms_creator":["Mangum, Robert Lee"],"dc_date":["2003-11-18"],"dcterms_description":["Robert Lee Mangum offers his relatively measured, diplomatically delivered take on events in Robeson County, North Carolina, in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. While Mangum sometimes seems to choose his words carefully, he clearly feels passionately about the causes he participated in over decades of activism motivated by his Christian faith: opposing double voting, registering voters, and working against poverty. He registers a number of successes in this interview, but remains committed to continuing his fight against the effects of racism as well as other social problems such as drug abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and poverty.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["North Carolina--Race relations--20th century","Robeson County (N.C.)--Race relations","Robeson County (N.C.)--Social conditions","Civil rights--North Carolina","Methodist Church--Clergy--North Carolina","Political activists--North Carolina","Civil rights movements--North Carolina--History--20th century","Civil rights movements--North Carolina--Robeson County","Indians of North America--North Carolina--Robeson County","Indians of North America--Civil rights--North Carolina--History--20th century","Robeson County (N.C.)--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Robert Lee Mangum, November 18, 2003"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/U-0008/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Duration: 01:34:16."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Mangum, Robert Lee"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_o-0038","title":"Oral history interview with Billy E. Barnes, November 6, 2003","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Gritter, Elizabeth","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032"],"dcterms_creator":["Barnes, Billy E. (Billy Ebert), 1931-2018"],"dc_date":["2003-11-06"],"dcterms_description":["Billy E. Barnes became a photographer during the late 1950s, following a tour of duty in the Korean War and his return to college in North Carolina. Barnes begins the interview with a brief discussion of his initial interest in photography and his first job with McGraw-Hill Publishing Company in New York City and in Atlanta, Georgia. After working for McGraw-Hill for several years and establishing a reputation for himself as a documentary photographer, Barnes returned to North Carolina to work for the North Carolina Fund (1964-1968), an offshoot of Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty. Barnes argues that as a photographer for the North Carolina Fund, he was able to lend a human face to the Fund's more impersonal collecting of statistics about the experiences of impoverished people in North Carolina. According to Barnes, his photographs documented the lives of impoverished people as part of a larger effort to debunk negative myths and stereotypes about welfare and poor people. He explains that he always strove to depict the strength, dignity, and pride of his subjects, and offers several anecdotes about some of his favorite photographs, which he explains told stories about the private, everyday lives of poor people. In addition, Barnes speaks at length about the widespread dissemination of his photographs in both local and national media, as well as its use by the Office of Economic Opportunity. Most of the interview focuses on Barnes's work with the North Carolina Fund, but he also discusses changing technologies for photography, the influence of other photographers, and his broader views on the principles of photography.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Photographers--North Carolina","North Carolina Fund--Employees","Documentary photography--North Carolina","Photojournalism--North Carolina","Poor--North Carolina","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Billy E. Barnes, November 6, 2003"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/O-0038/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Nov. 10, 2008).","Interview participants: Billy E. Barnes, interviewee; Elizabeth Gritter, interviewer.","Duration: 02:38:13.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Barnes, Billy E. (Billy Ebert), 1931-2018"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_u-0011","title":"Oral history interview with James Moore, October 16, 2003","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Maynor, Malinda M.","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Robeson County, 34.64009, -79.10353","United States, North Carolina, Robeson County, Prospect, 34.73322, -79.22976"],"dcterms_creator":["Moore, James, 1922-"],"dc_date":["2003-10-16"],"dcterms_description":["James Moore, who has lived his entire life in Prospect, North Carolina, in Robeson County, reflects on some of the conflicts there during the desegregation process. He had a firsthand view of anti-integration sentiment when he drove a school bus for a few months in Prospect, and witnessed local Native Americans' determination not to allow black students into their schools.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["North Carolina--Race relations--20th century","Robeson County (N.C.)--Race relations","Civil rights--North Carolina","Civil rights movements--North Carolina--History--20th century","Civil rights movements--North Carolina--Robeson County","Indians of North America--Civil rights--North Carolina--History--20th century","Robeson County (N.C.)--History--20th century","Prospect (Robeson County, N.C.)--Race relations","Prospect (Robeson County, N.C.)--Politics and government","Indians of North America--Civil rights--North Carolina--Prospect (Robeson County)","Indians of North America--North Carolina--Prospect (Robeson County)--Attitudes","African Americans--North Carolina--Prospect (Robeson County)--Relations with Indians--20th century","School integration--North Carolina--Prospect (Robeson County)"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with James Moore, October 16, 2003"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/U-0011/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Duration: 00:15:41"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Moore, James, 1922-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_o-0037","title":"Oral history interview with Billy E. Barnes, October 7, 2003","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Gritter, Elizabeth","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032"],"dcterms_creator":["Barnes, Billy E. (Billy Ebert), 1931-2018"],"dc_date":["2003-10-07"],"dcterms_description":["Billy E. Barnes is a photographer known for his documentary work on racial and economic justice issues in the 1950s and 1960s. Barnes begins the interview by explaining how he grew interested in issues of inequality while working as a photographer for McGraw-Hill Publishing in Atlanta, Georgia, during the 1950s and early 1960s. After establishing a reputation for himself, Barnes was offered a job with the newly formed North Carolina Fund in 1963. Founded by Governor Terry Sanford and shaped by executive director George Esser, the North Carolina Fund was a precursor to President Johnson's more broadly conceived War on Poverty. Barnes describes the aims of the North Carolina Fund at length, emphasizing how the black power movement was demonstrative of the need to involve people in decision-making processes. He also discusses the Fund's ideology of providing people with opportunities and training rather than welfare, and its overall goal of breaking the cycle of poverty. Throughout the interview, Barnes describes the work of North Carolina Fund volunteers, who sought to educate children and implemented programs like Head Start. Researchers interested in the history of the North Carolina Fund, the photography of Barnes, or the uses of documentary photography in social justice movements of the South will find particularly useful material in the second half of the interview, in which Barnes describes a number of his most memorable photographs to the interviewer. The interview concludes with Barnes's brief discussion of his accumulated records about the North Carolina Fund and his failed effort to establish a radio station, owned and operated by the people, in Wautauga County, North Carolina. Barnes places the work of the North Carolina Fund within the broader context of economic justice and community empowerment, while paying attention to the political tensions that shaped the War on Poverty in the South.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Community development corporations--North Carolina--Employees","Social reformers--North Carolina","Photographers--North Carolina","North Carolina Fund","Community development--North Carolina","Documentary photography--North Carolina","Poverty--North Carolina","Poor--North Carolina"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Billy E. Barnes, October 7, 2003"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/O-0037/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Nov. 10, 2008).","Interview participants: Billy E. Barnes, interviewee; Elizabeth Gritter, interviewer.","Duration: 02:32:10.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Barnes, Billy E. (Billy Ebert), 1931-2018"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_u-0012","title":"Oral history interview with Barry Nakell, October 1, 2003","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Nakell, Barry","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Robeson County, 34.64009, -79.10353"],"dcterms_creator":["Maynor, Malinda M."],"dc_date":["2003-10-01"],"dcterms_description":["This interview offers a look at efforts by the economically and politically disenfranchised Lumbee Native Americans to assert themselves in Robeson County and, to some extent, white North Carolinians' efforts to sabotage those efforts. Barry Nakell, a professor of law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, remembers traveling to Robeson County in the mid-1970s to help the Lumbees, and a splinter group, the Tuscarora, save a historic building and strike down so-called double voting. Double voting allowed city residents in Robeson County to vote for both city and county school board, giving city elites unusual control over county schools, where most Native American children studied. Nakell succeeded in defeating the system before a United States Circuit Court. He believes that once Native Americans took more control over their education system, their most prominent citizens were freed to agitate for more rights and protections. Nakell's intervention sparked an interest in legal solutions to civil rights issues, and a steady stream of Lumbee Native Americans began earning degrees at the UNC School of Law so they could return home and advocate for other Native Americans.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Lumbee Indians--Civil rights","North Carolina--Race relations--20th century","Robeson County (N.C.)--Race relations","Civil rights--North Carolina","Lawyers--North Carolina","Civil rights movements--North Carolina--History--20th century","Civil rights movements--North Carolina--Robeson County","Indians of North America--North Carolina--Robeson County","Indians of North America--Civil rights--North Carolina--History--20th century","Robeson County (N.C.)--History--20th century","Civil rights--North Carolina--Robeson County","Lawyers--North Carolina--Robeson County","Lumbee Indians--North Carolina--Robeson County","Tuscarora Indians--North Carolina--Robeson County","Indians of North America--North Carolina--Robeson County--Ethnic identity--20th century","Indians of North America--Civil rights--North Carolina--Robeson County","African Americans--North Carolina--Robeson County--Relations with Indians--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Barry Nakell, October 1, 2003"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/U-0012/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on June 5, 2007).","Interview participants: Barry Nakell, interviewee; Malinda Maynor, interviewer.","Duration: 01:03:57.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Nakell, Barry"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_r-0301","title":"Oral history interview with MaVynee Betsch, November 22, 2002","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Taylor, Kieran Walsh","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Florida, Duval County, Jacksonville, 30.33218, -81.65565"],"dcterms_creator":["Betsch, MaVynee, 1935-2005"],"dc_date":["2002-11-22"],"dcterms_description":["Environmentalist MaVynee Betsch removed the letter R from her first name to protest what she saw as Ronald Reagan's disregard for the environment and expunged her middle name, Elizabeth, when she learned that Queen Elizabeth I nurtured the British slave trade. In this interview, she describes her childhood in the 1930s and 1940s in Jacksonville, Florida, a childhood spent in a vibrant black community peopled by pioneering professionals who created institutions to support one another. She remembers her travels in Europe after graduating from Oberlin College in the mid-1950s. And she describes the decline of the African American neighborhood of her youth, a stronghold of economic and cultural independence divided and destroyed by an interstate and chain stores. But if Jacksonville reveals the predatory relationship between development and the black community, Betsch's life in the resort founded by her great-grandfather, American Beach, represents the potential for black Americans in a changing South.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American environmentalists--Florida--American Beach","African Americans--Florida--Jacksonville--Social life and customs","African Americans--Florida--Jacksonville--Social conditions","Sopranos (Singers)"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with MaVynee Betsch, November 22, 2002"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/R-0301/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Dec. 2, 2008).","Interview participants: MaVynee Betsch, interviewee; Kieran Taylor, interviewer.","Duration: 00:56:48.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Betsch, MaVynee, 1935-2005","Lewis, A. L. (Abraham Lincoln), 1865-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_r-0182","title":"Oral history interview with Robert R. Sampson, October 9, 2002","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hornsby-Gutting, Angela","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Guilford County, Greensboro, 36.07264, -79.79198"],"dcterms_creator":["Sampson, Robert R."],"dc_date":["2002-10-09"],"dcterms_description":["At the time of this interview, Robert Sampson was running a pharmacy on East Market Street in Greensboro, North Carolina. Sampson describes how urban renewal in the late 1950s and early 1960s affected Greensboro's thriving black shopping district on Market Street. Sampson himself managed to stay ahead of redevelopment efforts, leaving areas destined for change for places he thought more secure. However, most black businesspeople did not expect renewal efforts or see them as inevitable; as a result, they lost their businesses and often found it impossible to rebuild or relocate. While Sampson concedes that the dilapidated buildings on Market Street needed work, he suspects that the choice to seize and redevelop, rather than fund remodeling, was an effort by white Greensboro to dissolve a successful black business district. The effort worked, silencing a lively area and greatly damaging black businesses. This interview provides a look at a black business community's struggle to maintain its coherence in a changing economic climate.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American businesspeople--North Carolina--Greensboro","African American pharmacists--North Carolina--Greensboro","African Americans--Commerce--North Carolina--Greensboro","Urban renewal--North Carolina--Greensboro","Greensboro (N.C.)--Economic conditions","African American neighborhoods--North Carolina--Greensboro","African Americans--North Carolina--Greensboro--Social life and customs","Segregation--North Carolina--Greensboro"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Robert R. Sampson, October 9, 2002"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/R-0182/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on June 13, 2008).","Interview participants: Robert R. Sampson, interviewee; Angela Hornsby, interviewer.","Duration: 00:45:17.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Sampson, Robert R."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_r-0185","title":"Oral history interview with John Harris, September 5, 2002","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Taylor, Kieran Walsh","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Guilford County, Greensboro, 36.07264, -79.79198"],"dcterms_creator":["Harris, John, 1930-"],"dc_date":["2002-09-05"],"dcterms_description":["John Harris's father founded the Royal Taxi Company in 1934, serving the black community in Greensboro, North Carolina. After a childhood of work and play in the streets of segregated Greensboro, Harris followed his father into the profession, and at the time of this interview in September of 2002, the septuagenarian Harris was still driving. In this interview he describes his childhood in segregated Greensboro, rich in recreation but also redolent with the influence of a workaholic father; his experiences as a cab driver, including his escape from a hold-up; the effects of redevelopment on Greensboro's black community; and the civil rights movement. Harris, after many decades as a cab driver, remains a stable center in a changing community, the proprietor of a black business that weathered the economic pressures of urban renewal and growth. His position enables him to reflect on the pressures on businesspeople in the context of segregation and civil rights.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American businesspeople--North Carolina--Greensboro","Taxicab drivers--North Carolina--Greensboro","African American neighborhoods--North Carolina--Greensboro","African Americans--North Carolina--Greensboro--Social life and customs","African Americans--North Carolina--Greensboro--Economic conditions","Urban renewal--North Carolina--Greensboro","African Americans--Civil rights--North Carolina--Greensboro","Greensboro (N.C.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with John Harris, September 5, 2002"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/R-0185/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Nov. 20, 2008).","Interview participants: John Harris, interviewee; Kieran Taylor, interviewer.","Duration: 02:05:33.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Harris, John, 1930-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_r-0168","title":"Oral history interview with Floyd Adams, August 16, 2002","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Taylor, Kieran Walsh","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983"],"dcterms_creator":["Adams, Floyd, 1945-"],"dc_date":["2002-08-16"],"dcterms_description":["Floyd Adams Jr., the son of a newspaper publisher, grew up known as \"Little Press Boy\" in Savannah, Georgia. Adams followed his father into the publishing business, taking control of the Savannah Herald, the paper his father had published since 1949. He also found success in politics, becoming Savannah's first African American mayor in 1996 and winning reelection in 1999. In 2007, he failed in his attempt to win a third term. Adams does not discuss his political or journalistic career in this interview; instead, he describes the destruction of Currytown, a black neighborhood in Savannah that fell prey to urban renewal. The project swept out black businesses, allowing white investors to take their places; it razed black churches; and it forced out middle-class black Savannans, replacing their homes with public housing projects. He also describes contemporary urban renewal projects that, with input from community members, promised to be less destructive to Savannah's African Americans. This interview offers researchers insights to the history of African Americans in Savannah and some reflections on the complex task of keeping a city healthy.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American civic leaders--Georgia--Savannah","Urban renewal--Georgia--Savannah","African American neighborhoods--Georgia--Savannah","African Americans--Georgia--Savannah--Social conditions","Savannah (Ga.)--Economic conditions","City planning--Georgia--Savannah","Savannah (Ga.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Floyd Adams, August 16, 2002"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Adams, Floyd, 1945-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_r-0170","title":"Oral history interview with Leroy Beavers, August 8, 2002","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Taylor, Kieran Walsh","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983"],"dcterms_creator":["Beavers, Leroy, 1951-"],"dc_date":["2002-08-08"],"dcterms_description":["Leroy Beavers Jr. recalls segregation and integration in Savannah, Georgia. Beavers walks the reader through a history of the city, from its golden years in the 1950s, when African Americans thrived in a self-contained community, to the decay of the 1960s and the damage he sees as having been brought about by integration. Beavers condemns integration, calling it \"a genocide of a social life . . . where people had just a pure natural respect for each other.\" Beavers maintains that the closely-knit black community unraveled because new opportunities tempted African Americans and the spirit of self-reliance faded. A proud community slumped as drugs and crime infested black neighborhoods, and African Americans began to discriminate against one another. This crowd of social pathologies gathers on Martin Luther King Street, a name choice Beavers bitterly condemns. A bristling attack on integration, this interview provides an interesting perspective on the legacy of integration in a southern city.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American barbers--Georgia--Savannah","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Savannah","African Americans--Georgia--Savannah--Social conditions","Savannah (Ga.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Leroy Beavers, August 8, 2002"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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While she was aware of some of the tensions of the civil rights movement, she did not participate in protests or boycotts; instead, she tried to convince her peers that her work did not benefit the white shopkeeper who leased her space. Waddell become more involved in civic activity later in life, when she helped found the Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum and became an active member of her church. This interview provides a portrait of a woman carving out a space for herself in segregated Savannah.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Women tailors--Georgia--Savannah","African American businesspeople--Georgia--Savannah","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Savannah","Savannah (Ga.)--Race relations","Savannah (Ga.)--Economic conditions"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Laura B. 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Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Waddell, Laura B., 1928-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_r-0174","title":"Oral history interview with William Fonvielle, August 2, 2002","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Taylor, Kieran Walsh","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983"],"dcterms_creator":["Fonvielle, William (William Earl), 1947-"],"dc_date":["2002-08-02"],"dcterms_description":["William Fonvielle describes the long legacy of his family's ownership of Savannah Pharmacy on West Broad Street in Savannah, Georgia. After his father's murder in 1955 and his grandfather's death the following year, Fonvielle's aunt assumed leadership of their business. As a child, he delivered prescriptions and learned the city's landscape. Fonvielle fondly remembers the close-knit nature of the black West Broad Street community. Blacks supported the local businesses, especially during the Jim Crow era, when most white business owners refused to serve black patrons. However, Fonvielle argues that blacks have divided themselves along class lines. Middle-class blacks moved to suburban areas and did not return to support their community. He maintains that Savannah lacks progressive and aggressive blacks willing to unify the race and protect the black community. He connects black unification with a strong black economic center, and he bemoans the decline of adequate store supplies, the growth of chain stores, and the flight of the black middle class to the suburbs, all of which, he argues, has stymied economic progress and drained West Broad Street of its economic vitality.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American men--Georgia--Savannah","African American neighborhoods--Georgia--Savannah","African Americans--Georgia--Savannah--Economic conditions","African American business enterprises--Georgia--Savannah","African Americans--Georgia--Savannah--Social life and customs","Savannah (Ga.)--Race relations","Urban renewal--Georgia--Savannah"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with William Fonvielle, August 2, 2002"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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