{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0056-2","title":"Oral history interview with Modjeska Simkins, July 28, 1976","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Hall, Bob, 1944-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Richland County, Columbia, 34.00071, -81.03481"],"dcterms_creator":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992"],"dc_date":["1976-07-28"],"dcterms_description":["This is the second interview in a series of two with Modjeska Simkins, an African American activist from South Carolina. In the first interview (G-0056-1), Simkins briefly described her family background, her childhood, and spoke about her work with the South Carolina Commission on Interracial Cooperation, primarily during the 1920s and 1930s. Here, she elaborates on her family background and upbringing before describing in great detail her work with the NAACP and the Richland County Citizens Committee. Simkins begins by describing her childhood, spent primarily in Columbia, South Carolina, although there were times when her father's reputation as an accomplished bricklayer led them to other areas in the South, including Huntsville, Alabama. Simkins explains that her family was prosperous, and she emphasizes that her parents imbued her with a sense of responsibility to help those less advantaged. Simkins attended Benedict College for her primary through post-secondary education. Following her graduation with a bachelor's degree in 1921, Simkins taught at Benedict for a year before accepting a position teaching at Booker Washington High School in Columbia. She taught at Booker until 1929. Over the course of the 1920s, Simkins became more involved in social causes, primarily via her membership in the South Carolina Commission on Interracial Cooperation and the NAACP. She continued this work into the 1930s, during which time she was employed by the South Carolina Tuberculosis Association. Until 1942, Simkins worked for the TB Association, helping to educate people about health-related issues. Increasingly, however, Simkins lamented not being able to focus more explicitly on what she saw as more pressing issues for African Americans. In 1942, she took a position with the NAACP and served as the state secretary until 1956. Simkins describes in detail her role in the NAACP's shift towards direct legal action in taking on school segregation. In addition, she describes how she helped to organize a boycott in Orangeburg County around 1956 following the Brown decision and a white backlash against it in that community. Despite her support for the NAACP's legal work, however, Simkins was becoming alienated from the NAACP by the mid-1950s. She left the NAACP to become the public relations director for the Richland County Citizens Committee. At the time of the interview, Simkins was still serving in this capacity. She spends the final portion of the interview describing her work with the Richland County Citizens Committee, focusing on their involvement in state politics, their role in efforts to desegregate the Palmetto State Hospital in 1965, and with the integration of Columbia public schools. Throughout the interview, Simkins offers telling anecdotes about the nature of racial tensions and its consequences, the inner workings of civil rights organizations like the NAACP and the Richland County Citizens Committee, and relationships between leaders of the movement and their related organizations.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["School integration--South Carolina","Southern Regional Council","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Women civil rights workers","African American women in civil rights movements--Southern States","African American women civil rights workers--South Carolina","Civil rights movements--South Carolina","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. South Carolina State Conference","Richland County Citizens' Committee (Richland County, S.C.)","African Americans--Civil rights--South Carolina","South Carolina--Race relations","African Americans--South Carolina--Columbia--Social life and customs"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Modjeska Simkins, July 28, 1976"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0056-2/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Dec. 5, 2008).","Interview participants: Modjeska Simkins, interviewee; Jacquelyn Hall, interviewer; Bob Hall, interviewer","Duration: 05:45:13.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0016","title":"Oral history interview with Septima Poinsette Clark, July 25, 1976","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston, 32.77657, -79.93092","United States, Tennessee, Franklin County, 35.15496, -86.09218","United States, Tennessee, Grundy County, 35.38837, -85.72258","United States, Tennessee, Marion County, Monteagle, 35.24008, -85.8397"],"dcterms_creator":["Clark, Septima Poinsette, 1898-1987"],"dc_date":["1976-07-25"],"dcterms_description":["Septima Clark was a teacher and citizen's education director for the Highlander Folk School and Southern Christian Leadership Conference. She also worked with the South Carolina Council on Human Relations, YWCA, and American Friends Service Committee. This interview covers her childhood in Charleston, South Carolina, and her family's efforts to survive poverty and racial prejudice. Her mother was a washerwoman reared in Haiti, and her father was a former slave on the Poinsette plantation. Her first job as a teacher on John's Island from 1916 to 1919 led to her early activism with the NAACP, her friendship with Judge and Mrs. Waring, and her work with the Charleston YWCA. She married Nerie David Clark as an act of rebellion against her parents, but she chose not to remarry after his early death. She attended college in Columbia, returned to Charleston in 1947, and lobbied for the first local credit union to serve black workers. After she lost her teaching position in 1956 due to her NAACP membership, she worked for the Highlander Folk School encouraging voter registration and education. The SCLC hired her to form education programs, but her plans for increasing community involvement, protecting the labor rights of black teachers, and educating black voters were often ignored because she was female. The interview ends with her thoughts on why she started receiving more recognition for her work in the mid-1970s.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["South Carolina--Race relations","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Trade-unions--Officials and employees--Southern States--Education","Highlander Folk School (Monteagle, Tenn.)","Women civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers--Georgia","African American women civil rights workers","African American women educators","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations","Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Suffrage--Southern States","Race relations in school management--South Carolina--Charleston","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Charleston (S.C.)--Race relations","African Americans--South Carolina--Charleston--Social life and customs"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Septima Poinsette Clark, July 25, 1976"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0016/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on July 21, 2008).","Interview participants: Septima Poinsette Clark, interviewee; Jacquelyn Hall, interviewer.","Duration: 03:46:55.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Clark, Septima Poinsette, 1898-1987"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0049-1","title":"Oral history interview with Anne Queen, April 30, 1976","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Herzenberg, Joseph A., 1941-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Orange County, 36.0613, -79.1206","United States, North Carolina, Orange County, Chapel Hill, 35.9132, -79.05584"],"dcterms_creator":["Queen, Anne, 1911-2005"],"dc_date":["1976-04-30"],"dcterms_description":["Anne Queen was born into a working family in Canton, North Carolina. She graduated from high school in 1930 and accepted a job at the Champion Paper and Fibre Company, where she worked for ten years. During this time she grew to identify herself as a New Deal Democrat. Queen became increasingly interested in the labor movement during the 1930s and sought to reconcile its ideals with her religious faith. By 1940, she became determined to act on her lifelong desire to receive a college education and enrolled at Berea College in Kentucky. While a student at Berea, Queen was able to interact with African Americans for the first time in her life and became increasingly drawn to issues of social justice. Following her graduation in 1944, she participated in the first interracial workshop at Fisk University before studying for a year at the Missionary Training School in Louisville, Kentucky. From there, Queen continued her graduate education at Yale Divinity School. In so doing, she disproved her own earlier belief that \"poor people couldn't go to Yale.\" Queen describes her educational experiences at Berea and Yale in great detail, focusing on her academic inspirations and the influence of teachers such as Liston Pope and H. Richard Niebuhr. After finishing her doctoral work in 1948, Queen returned to the South to work as an assistant chaplain at the University of Georgia (1948-1951), for the Friends Service Committee in Greensboro, North Carolina (1951-1956), and as the director of the YWCA-YMCA at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1956-1975). Because of her long tenure working as an advocate of social justice, particularly for the labor movement and the civil rights movement, Queen is able to offer a comprehensive assessment of the changing social landscape of the South during the middle of the twentieth century. In so doing, she offers insight into the leadership abilities of southern women such as Dorothy Tillman and Jessie Daniel Ames, the process of integration at two major southern universities, and the nature of politics in North Carolina.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Young Women's Christian associations","Women--North Carolina--Interviews","University of North Carolina (1793-1962)","University of North Carolina (1793-1962)--Students--Political activity","University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill--Students--Political activity","Young Women's Christian Association (University of North Carolina (1793-1962))","Young Men's Christian Association (University of North Carolina (1793-1962))","YMCA-YWCA (University of North Carolina (1793-1962))","YMCA-YWCA (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)","Campus Y (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)","Champion Paper and Fibre Company","Paper industry--North Carolina","Berea College","Yale University. Divinity School","University of Georgia","Civil rights -- United States"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Anne Queen, April 30, 1976"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0049-1/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on November 2, 2007).","Interview participants: Anne Queen, interviewee; Joseph Herzenberg, interviewer.","Duration: 02:37:40.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Queen, Anne, 1911-2005"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0027","title":"Oral history interview with Laurie Pritchett, April 23, 1976","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Reston, James, 1941-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574"],"dcterms_creator":["Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000"],"dc_date":["1976-04-23"],"dcterms_description":["Laurie Pritchett describes his involvement with the civil rights movement in Albany, Georgia. In this interview, Pritchett attempts to alter his public image as a racist police chief, expressing his profound compassion for blacks. He explains his complicated friendship with Martin Luther King Jr. and discusses his efforts to place blacks on the police force in Albany in the mid-1960s. After he left the Albany force, Pritchett helped African American causes as police chief in High Point, North Carolina. Much of the interview, however, explores Pritchett's use of King's strategy of nonviolence. His innovative application of passive law enforcement allowed Albany to stand as a site where the national civil rights movement failed. In December 1961, Pritchett trained his police officers to resist civil rights demonstrators nonviolently. This training often frustrated King's passive resistance tactics in Albany by preventing the negative publicity brought about by brutal police reaction to marches in other towns in the Deep South. Refusing to use the violent tactics of Alabama law enforcement officials such as Jim Clark in Selma and T. Eugene \"Bull\" Connor in Birmingham, Pritchett discusses how his peaceful strategy effectively eliminated bargaining abilities for King and other civil rights activists. Unlike Pritchett, Clark and Connor frequently helped civil rights activists achieve their goals. Pritchett explains that his problem with the protesters was not their interest in integration, but with their massive public demonstrations. He remarks on the incredible power his role as police chief afforded him. He believes sheriffs should be politically elected, exposing tensions between sheriffs and police chiefs.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--Georgia--Albany","Police chiefs--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Albany","Law enforcement--Georgia--Albany","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Albany","Segregation--Georgia--Albany","Albany (Ga.)-- Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Laurie Pritchett, April 23, 1976"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0027/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on June 24, 2008).","Interview participants: Laurie Pritchett, interviewee; James Reston, Jr., interviewer.","Duration: 01:00:35.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0001","title":"Oral history interview with Mary Price Adamson, April 19, 1976","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Frederickson, Mary","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032"],"dcterms_creator":["Adamson, Mary Price, 1909-1980?"],"dc_date":["1976-04-19"],"dcterms_description":["Beginning with her family background and early childhood, Mary Price Adamson traces the dynamics that led her to adopt her radical stance later in life. Because both of her parents had attended college, Adamson and her siblings were encouraged to pursue higher education. Though her father's death placed the family in serious financial difficulties, Adamson's older brothers paid for her to attend college. She enrolled first in the North Carolina College for Women and then transferred to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her degree in 1931 at the height of the Great Depression. For a time, she worked in Greensboro, starting at the Greensboro Daily News and then the Vick Chemical Company, where she learned secretarial skills. Shortly thereafter, she joined her sister Mildred and brother-in-law Harold Coy in New York City, where she moved through a series of secretarial positions. She describes how young professionals lived and socialized during the Great Depression. In the late 1930s, she accompanied her sister and brother-in-law on a trip to the Soviet Union, and when she returned, she went to work for Walter Lippmann. After several years with him, she took a job as an assistant reporter for Business Week. In 1945, she left New York and returned to North Carolina to open the state office of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. When Henry Wallace ran for governor in 1948, Adamson organized his campaign tour through the South, and eventually the members of the Progressive Party convinced her to run for North Carolina's governorship. That summer, Elizabeth Bentley, an acquaintance from New York City, accused Adamson of being a Soviet spy. For the next decade, Adamson battled McCarthyism and accusations of Communism. In 1950, she had a serious accident and went to Europe to recuperate. While abroad, she met and married Charles Adamson. When she returned, she found that the FBI still considered her a person of interest, a fact that made it hard for her to keep jobs. Eventually, however, she went to work for the National Council of Churches, a position she enjoyed greatly. However, a second serious accident forced her to retire early and move to California to recuperate.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Women social reformers--North Carolina","Women in politics--North Carolina","Women social reformers--United States","Women political candidates--North Carolina","Women communists--United States","Social movements--North Carolina","Southern Conference for Human Welfare","Political campaigns--North Carolina","Progressive Party (U.S. : 1948)","Women spies--United States"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Mary Price Adamson, April 19, 1976"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0001/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Dec. 16, 2008).","Interview participants: Mary Price Adamson, interviewee; Mary Frederickson, interviewer.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Adamson, Mary Price, 1909-1980?"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0012","title":"Oral history interview with Ernest Seeman, February 13, 1976","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Conway, Mimi","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Durham County, Durham, 35.99403, -78.89862"],"dcterms_creator":["Seeman, Ernest, 1886-1979"],"dc_date":["1976-02-13"],"dcterms_description":["Born in 1887, Ernest Seeman grew up in Durham, North Carolina, as the American Tobacco Company grew to dominate the tobacco industry. Seeman begins with an overview of his family history. Although his father had migrated to North Carolina from Canada shortly before settling in Durham, his mother's ancestors had lived and farmed in the area since the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Seeman describes briefly what it was like to grow up in Durham during the late nineteenth century. Around the turn of the twentieth century, Seeman left school to go to work for his father. In 1885, Seeman's father established Seeman Printery, and the younger Seeman spent his adolescence learning the family trade with his brothers. During the early twentieth century, the Seeman Printery worked closely with the Duke family, particularly one of Buck Duke's associates, C. W. Toms. Through several anecdotes about his father's business transactions, Seeman offers some interesting insights into the rise of the American Tobacco Company and its relationship to the community. Seeman describes the transition of the printery as it evolved from a small establishment to a larger, mechanized business. Eventually, the Seemans employed more than fifty printers. Ernest Seeman assumed control of Seeman Printery in 1917 and ran it until 1923. Two years later he was hired as the head of Duke Press, where he worked until 1934. During his time at Duke Press, Seeman helped to found the Explorer's Club and worked closely with students. By the end of his tenure at Duke Press, Seeman had cultivated a reputation as a radical on campus and was forced to resign following his support of Duke students who lampooned the University dean and president and participated in an uprising in support of labor activism. Shortly thereafter, Seeman moved to New York before settling in Tumbling Creek, Tennessee. Seeman devoted much of the rest of his days to writing, and published his novel American Gold (referred to as Tobacco Town in this interview) just before his death in 1979.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American families--Durham--North Carolina","Strikes and lockouts--North Carolina--Durham","Printers--North Carolina--Durham","Printing industry--North Carolina--Durham","Tobacco industry--North Carolina--Durham","Seeman Printery","Strikes and lockouts--Textile industry--North Carolina--Durham","Duke University","Student strikes--North Carolina--Durham","African Americans--North Carolina--Durham","Durham (N.C.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Ernest Seeman, February 13, 1976"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0012/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on August 28, 2008).","Interview participants: Ernest Seeman, interviewee; Mimi Conway, interviewer.","Duration: 02:44:21.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Seeman, Ernest, 1886-1979"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0044","title":"Oral history interview with Pauli Murray, February 13, 1976","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["McNeil, Genna Rae","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["Ghana, 8.1, -1.2","Ghana, Greater Accra, Accra, 5.55602, -0.1969","United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032"],"dcterms_creator":["Murray, Pauli, 1910-1985"],"dc_date":["1976-02-13"],"dcterms_description":["Pauli Murray was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1910. A few years thereafter, her mother died, and she went to live with her Aunt Pauline in Durham, North Carolina. Murray begins the interview with a discussion of her early memories of her family before shifting the focus to her childhood and adolescent years in Durham. Murray offers a vivid comparison of race relations in that area over the span of three generations, noting important class distinctions, hierarchies related to skin tone, and the evolution of racial violence. Murray recalls her early school years with fondness and argues that she was imbued with a strong sense of racial identity both at home and in school. Shortly following her graduation from high school, Murray turned down a full scholarship to Wilberforce University in Ohio because she had already determined that she no longer wanted to have a segregated education. During the late 1920s, Murray established residency in New York so she could attend Hunter College, a women's school where she was one of a handful of African American students. Murray describes some of her experiences at Hunter College (she graduated in 1933) and her decision to stay in New York for a few years while working on her poetry.","During the late 1930s, Murray returned to North Carolina, partly at the behest of her Aunt Pauline, with the intention of pursuing graduate work at the University of North Carolina. In 1938, Murray was declined admittance to UNC because of her race. Her unsuccessful effort to challenge the decision was the first of three pivotal experiences in her journey towards pursuing a career in law. The second occurred shortly thereafter, in 1940, when Murray and a friend were arrested for violating segregation statutes and for creating a public disturbance when riding a Greyhound bus through Petersburg, Virginia. On the coattails of her arrest and short prison term, Murray began to work for the Workers Defense League, specifically with the legal defense effort for Odell Waller, an African American sharecropper sentenced to death for the murder of his white landlord. Her work on this case was the third pivotal incident, and it led her to meet Leon Ransom, who arranged for her to attend Howard University on a full scholarship. During her years in law school at Howard University, Murray continued to pursue her interests in matters of racial justice; however, it was also during those years that she became acutely aware of gender discrimination. After her graduation, Murray pursued further education at the University of California, Berkeley, and worked briefly as the Deputy Attorney General of California before accepting a position with a law firm in New York. During the early 1960s, Murray traveled to Ghana where she helped set up a law school. In addition to describing her work there, she also offers a unique perspective on African politics during the early 1960s. After her return to the United States, Murray worked as a law professor at Brandeis University and continued her political involvement on the Civil and Political Rights committee of the President's Commission on the Status of Women and with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In 1973, she left her position at Brandeis in order to enter the seminary, in part because she believed that the civil rights and women's liberation movements had become too militant and that an emphasis on reconciliation would better result in equality. The remainder of the interview is devoted to a discussion of Murray's poetry, her book Proud Shoes, and her views on racial and class differences within the women's movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Women lawyers--North Carolina","North Carolina--Race relations","African American lawyers","Segregation in transportation--North Carolina","African American women civil rights workers--United States","African American women lawyers--United States","African American women poets--United States","African American feminists--United States","African Americans--Civil rights--United States","African Americans--Segregation--United States","Civil rights movements--United States","Women's rights","Durham (N.C.)--Race relations","African American women law teachers--Ghana--Accra","African American women clergy--United States"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Pauli Murray, February 13, 1976"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0044/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Dec. 7, 2008).","Interview participants: Pauli Murray, interviewee; Genna Rae McNeil, interviewer.","Duration: 05:18:41.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Murray, Pauli, 1910-1985"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0035","title":"Oral history interview with W. Horace Carter, January 17, 1976","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Lanier, Jerry","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Columbus County, 34.2654, -78.65507","United States, North Carolina, Columbus County, Tabor City, 34.14878, -78.87669"],"dcterms_creator":["Carter, W. Horace"],"dc_date":["1976-01-17"],"dcterms_description":["Walter Horace Carter grew up in Stanley County, North Carolina, during the 1920s and 1930s. He moved to Chapel Hill to earn a degree in journalism at the University of North Carolina, the pursuit of which was interrupted by his service in the Navy during World War II. In 1947, Carter became the secretary of the Tabor City Merchant's Association and moved to Tabor City, North Carolina, with his young family. Following a brief sojourn in Chapel Hill, where he helped establish the Colonial Press (which printed the UNC newspaper The Daily Tar Heel), Carter officially settled in Tabor City, becoming publisher and editor of the newly-created Tabor City Tribune. Shortly after the weekly newspaper debuted, the Ku Klux Klan began a virulent recruitment campaign in Columbus County, North Carolina, and in surrounding areas along the North Carolina-South Carolina border. The interview with Carter focuses almost exclusively on the actions of the Klan from 1950 to 1952 -- when members of the Klan were convicted for flogging numerous people -- and on Carter's journalistic campaign against their efforts. Carter describes in detail how the Klan campaign began during the summer of 1950 when they brought a motorcade through Tabor City with the intention of recruiting new members and intimidating African American neighborhoods. That summer, Grand Dragon Thomas L. Hamilton gave speeches around the area to recruit members and to outline the goals of the Klan. Carter stresses that the Klan during those years was not only outspoken in its opposition to African Americans, but that they also opposed Jews and Catholics, liberals such as Frank Porter Graham, and the newly formed United Nations. Carter explains that many people found various aspects of the Klan's message -- including its anticommunist stance -- appealing. In response to the Klan's vigilante tactics, Carter publicly attacked the Klan in weekly columns for the Tabor City Tribune and worked closely with others fighting the Klan, including Columbus County Sheriff H. Hugh Nance, fellow newspaper editor Willard Cole of the Whiteville, North Carolina, News Reporter, and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the State Bureau of Investigation (SBI). Carter also spends considerable time enumerating the nature of threats, both economic and physical, he received from the Klan, his interactions with Klan leaders such as Grand Dragon Hamilton and Early Brooks, and connections between the Klan and local law enforcement, such as Horry County, South Carolina, Sheriff Ernest Sasser. In 1953, Carter and Cole were both awarded the Pulitzer Prize for their role in bringing to justice Klan members guilty of flogging. The interview concludes with Carter offering his thoughts on various social issues confronting the nation at the time of the interview in 1976, touching on such topics as school integration and busing, economic problems, the Equal Rights Amendment, and patriotism.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Newspaper editors--North Carolina--Tabor City","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )--North Carolina--Columbus County","Vigilantes--North Carolina--Columbus County","Violent crimes--North Carolina--Columbus County","Law enforcement--North Carolina--Columbus County"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with W. Horace Carter, January 17, 1976"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0035/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Oct. 31, 2008).","Interview participants: W. Horace Carter, interviewee; Jerry Lanier, interviewer.","Duration: 01:19:22.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Kristin Shaffer. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Carter, W. Horace"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0331-3","title":"Oral history interview with Herman Talmadge, December 18, 1975","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Nelson, Jack, 1929 Oct. 11-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Talmadge, Herman E. (Herman Eugene), 1913-2002"],"dc_date":["1975-12-18"],"dcterms_description":["This is the third interview in a three-part series with Senator Herman Talmadge of Georgia. In this interview, Talmadge offers his reaction to issues in America during the 1970s. He offers his thoughts on the then recent disclosures regarding J. Edgar Hoover's abuse of power and those of the CIA and the FBI. Other topics include President Gerald Ford's pardoning of Richard Nixon, lessons to be learned from the failures of the Vietnam War, and the issue of race in American politics. The remainder of the interview is devoted to looking back on his and his father's political legacies in Georgia. In particular, he discusses why he considered leaving the Senate to run for governor in 1966, the building of a political coalition from former political rivals and Georgia businessmen, his publication on segregation, You and Segregation, and the lack of personal and professional papers for both him and his father. He concludes the interview with some brief remarks regarding the importance of objectivity in historical analysis.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Georgia--Politics and government","Georgia--Race relations","Legislators--United States","Governors--Georgia","Georgia--Politics and government--1951-","United States--Politics and government--1945-1989","Legislators--United States--Attitudes"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Herman Talmadge, December 18, 1975"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0331-3/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on December 20, 2007).","Interview participants: Walter Durham, interviewee; Bob Gilgor, interviewer.","Duration: 02:11:25.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the Title from menu page (viewed on Sept. 22, 2008).","Interview participants: Herman Talmadge, interviewee; Jack Nelson, interviewer.","Duration: 00:38:19.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Hoover, J. Edgar (John Edgar), 1895-1972","Talmadge, Herman E. (Herman Eugene), 1913-2002"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0024","title":"Oral history interview with Willie Snow Ethridge, December 15, 1975","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Kessler, Lee, 1947?-","Ethridge, Mark F. (Mark Foster), 1896-1981","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Bibb County, Macon, 32.84069, -83.6324","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Ethridge, Willie Snow"],"dc_date":["1975-12-15"],"dcterms_description":["Willie Snow Ethridge was born in Georgia at the turn of the twentieth century. By the early 1920s, she had become a successful writer and had married Mark Ethridge, also a writer and newspaper editor. Ethridge explains that she initially became a writer in order to learn more about the career of her husband-to-be. When he was in Europe during World War I, Ethridge studied journalism at Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia. Shortly after graduating, Ethridge began to work as a reporter and continued to do freelance writing after getting married and starting her family in 1921. Ethridge spent most of the 1920s and early 1930s in Georgia, with brief sojourns in New York City and Washington, D.C. By the end of the 1930s, she and her husband had settled in Louisville, Kentucky (they later moved to Chapel Hill, North Carolina). During those years, Ethridge began to write books, ranging from informal essays to fiction to travel guides. According to Ethridge, her husband was generally supportive, if not encouraging, of her career over the years. In addition to discussing her efforts to combine career and family, Ethridge also offers revealing commentary about race and gender. During the 1920s and 1930s, Ethridge was actively involved in the anti-lynching movement. Working primarily within the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, Ethridge both wrote and spoke about lynching and its implications for African Americans and poor whites. In addition, Ethridge explains how her mother hoped she would grow up to be a \"good Baptist girl,\" and she discusses what it was like to court young men while coming of age in a strict religious family in the South. Of particular interest are her comments regarding the lack of sexual knowledge she had while growing up. Her discussion of attitudes towards sex leads her to ruminate about the feminist movement and the sexual revolution, both at their height at the time of the interview in 1975. Despite her advocacy of women's right to have both career and family, Ethridge concludes the interview by describing her general disapproval of the growing tendency of men and women to live together and have sex outside of marriage during those years.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching","Women writers--Southern States","Women civil rights workers--Georgia","Women journalists--Georgia","Women authors","Women journalists--Southern States","Women authors--Attitudes","Macon (Ga.)--Social life and customs"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Willie Snow Ethridge, December 15, 1975"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0024/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on November 4, 2008).","Interview participants: Willie Snow Ethridge, interviewee; Mark Ethridge, interviewee; Lee Kessler, interviewer.","Duration: 01:35:15.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Ethridge, Willie Snow","Ethridge, Mark F. (Mark Foster), 1896-1981"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0022","title":"Oral history interview with Edith Mitchell Dabbs, October 4, 1975","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Burns, Elizabeth Jacoway","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Beaufort County, Saint Helena Island, 32.38686, -80.56066","United States, South Carolina, Sumter County, Sumter, 33.92044, -80.34147"],"dcterms_creator":["Dabbs, Edith M."],"dc_date":["1975-10-04"],"dcterms_description":["The daughter of a southern minister whose humble origins sometimes clashed with his wife's more well-to-do familial connections, Edith Mitchell Dabbs grew up in South Carolina during the early twentieth century. Dabbs begins the interview by offering some brief remembrances of her childhood. She describes her family background, offering insight into the family life of white middle-class southerners in South Carolina. Dabbs spends more time, however, describing the family background and history of her husband, James McBride Dabbs, whom she married in 1935. James McBride Dabbs married into a family that owned a sizable plantation in Sumter County, South Carolina, dating back to the antebellum period. Dabbs spends considerable time tracing the history of her husband's family tree, focusing specifically on its roots in Sumter County. James McBride Dabbs' father had married into the McBride family of Egypt Farms, as the plantation was named until Edith and James renamed it Rip Raps Plantation, after the name of the original house on the plantation. Because much of the rest of the interview is devoted to a discussion of their activities in causes for racial justice, Dabbs describes the ways in which her husband (and presumably she, too) grew up believing that the Civil War had solved the \"race question\" with the emancipation of enslaved people in the South. Later, both became increasingly cognizant of the impact of Jim Crow segregation in perpetuating inequalities, and consequently advocated for social change. Dabbs explains that her husband first became involved in issues of civil rights in the 1940s, when he began to speak out publicly against state legislation that prohibited the registration of African American voters. From there, the two became increasingly involved in networks that espoused the fall of Jim Crow and racial equality throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Dabbs' recollections about this early phase of the civil rights movement are particularly interesting for researchers because she addresses the alienation and opposition they faced, as well as the surreptitious nature of organization. Her description of a secretive meeting held in Montgomery, Alabama, is especially revealing of the danger that surrounded civil rights activities and the risks that activists took in trying to bring about change. Also of interest to researchers is Dabbs' perceptive discussion of \"paternalism\" and the lengths to which she and her husband, as white supporters of change, went to avoid having a paternalistic attitude towards those they were trying to help. Additionally, Dabbs describes her work with the United Church Women, focusing on the opposition that group faced in South Carolina because of its liberal reputation for espousing integration; the friendship she and her husband shared with Virginia and Clifford Durr, Robert Frost, and other social activists; and some of her thoughts on St. Helena Island and the Penn School, about which she later wrote two books. Dabbs concludes the interview with a discussion of her life with her husband and children on Rip Raps Plantation.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Southern States--Race relations","Southern Regional Council","Women civil rights workers--South Carolina","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Dept. of United Church Women","Sumter County (S.C.)--Social life and customs","African Americans--South Carolina--Saint Helena Island"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Edith Mitchell Dabbs, October 4, 1975"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0022/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Nov. 14, 2008).","Interview participants: Edith Mitchell Dabbs, interviewee; Elizabeth Jacoway Burns, interviewer.","Duration: 04:12:26.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Dabbs, James McBride, 1896-1970","Dabbs, Edith M.","Durr, Virginia Foster"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0067","title":"Oral history interview with Stanford Raynold Brookshire, August 18, 1975","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Moye, William T.","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Mecklenburg County, Charlotte, 35.22709, -80.84313"],"dcterms_creator":["Brookshire, Stanford R., 1905-"],"dc_date":["1975-08-18"],"dcterms_description":["Stanford Raynold Brookshire was born on July 22, 1905, in Troutman, North Carolina. He became a member of the Charlotte Chamber of Commerce in 1960, and later served as the city's mayor from 1961 to 1969. Brookshire held distinction as Charlotte's first four-term mayor. Throughout his political tenure, Brookshire espoused a moderate stance on racial conflicts. As a businessman, his political moderation developed in large part due to his interest in attracting businesses to the area. In this interview, Brookshire discusses his role and attitude toward the consolidation of the city of Charlotte with Mecklenburg County's public services. Although Charlotte and Mecklenburg consolidated their school systems in 1959, the merger of city and county services did not emerge until the late 1960s and early 1970s. Brookshire explains the objections to consolidation, including fears of overly broad representation, gerrymandering, increased county taxes, and rapid political change. To Brookshire, a broadened representation produced limitations on the administration of city services. He discusses how Charlotte differed sharply from the city-county consolidation of Jacksonville, Florida, and Nashville, Tennessee. He maintains that unlike Jacksonville and Nashville, Charlotte exhibited efficient government that did not require a dramatic change in local governmental affairs. Because of these varied factors, public services in Charlotte and Mecklenburg did not consolidate. Brookshire also briefly talks about the benefits of North Carolina's statewide statute to annex heavily populated areas.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["North Carolina--Economic conditions","Charlotte (N.C.)--Politics and government","Mayors--North Carolina--Charlotte","Metropolitan government--North Carolina--Charlotte","Metropolitan government--North Carolina--Mecklenburg County","Charlotte-Mecklenburg Charter Commission"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Stanford Raynold Brookshire, August 18, 1975"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0067/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Oct. 30, 2008).","Interview participants: Stanford Raynold Brookshire, interviewee; Bill Moye, interviewer.","Duration: 00:37:26.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Brookshire, Stanford R., 1905-1990"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":18,"next_page":19,"prev_page":17,"total_pages":22,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":204,"total_count":258,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"Sound","hits":258},{"value":"Text","hits":258}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Pollitt, Daniel H.","hits":10},{"value":"Talmadge, Herman E. (Herman Eugene), 1913-2002","hits":4},{"value":"Spaulding, Asa T. (Asa Timothy), 1902-1990","hits":3},{"value":"Baker, Ella, 1903-1986","hits":2},{"value":"Barnes, Billy E. (Billy Ebert), 1931-2018","hits":2},{"value":"Burgess, David S., 1917-","hits":2},{"value":"Clark, Septima Poinsette, 1898-1987","hits":2},{"value":"Dabney, Virginius, 1901-1995","hits":2},{"value":"Durham, Walter, 1948?-","hits":2},{"value":"English, Diane, 1957-","hits":2},{"value":"Johnson, Guy Benton, 1901-1991","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"Southern States--Race relations","hits":35},{"value":"North Carolina--Race relations","hits":24},{"value":"African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","hits":22},{"value":"Civil rights movements--Southern States","hits":22},{"value":"Chapel Hill (N.C.)--Race relations","hits":18},{"value":"African Americans--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","hits":17},{"value":"Charlotte (N.C.)--Race relations","hits":17},{"value":"Durham (N.C.)--Race relations","hits":16},{"value":"School integration--North Carolina--Charlotte","hits":15},{"value":"School integration--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","hits":14},{"value":"Lincoln High School (Chapel Hill, N.C.)","hits":12}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_personal_facet","items":[{"value":"Pollitt, Daniel H.","hits":10},{"value":"Graham, Frank Porter, 1886-1972","hits":7},{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":7},{"value":"Wallace, George C. 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