{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_atlanta-negro-voters-league-anvl","title":"Atlanta Negro Voters League","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Williams, Louis"],"dc_date":["2003-05-08"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Atlanta Negro Voters League (ANVL), a bipartisan political organization started by black leaders in 1949 to form a united front to maximize the strength of the black vote. Such an organization was needed because of the surge in black voter registration after the 1946 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court that overturned the all-white primary. By 1949 African Americans represented at least 25 percent of Atlanta's registered voters. Founded on July 7, 1949, at the Butler Street YMCA, the league served as a clearinghouse for black problems and as broker for the African American vote until the early 1960s.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Atlanta Negro Voters League","African Americans--Politics and government","African Americans--Civil rights","Voting--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["Atlanta Negro Voters League"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/atlanta-negro-voters-league-anvl/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Atlanta Negro Voters League,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_john-hope-1868-1936","title":"John Hope (1868-1936)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Davis, Leroy"],"dc_date":["2003-04-01"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about John Hope, an important African American educator and race leader of the early twentieth century. He served as the first black president of Morehouse College and later Atlanta University. Hope embraced several civil rights organizations including W. E. B. Du Bois's Niagara Movement, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the southern-based Commission on Interracial Cooperation. He was also very active in such social service organizations as the National Urban League, the \"Colored Men's Department\" of the YMCA, and the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools. Hope attended Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island and taught at Roger Williams University near Nashville, Tennessee, before moving to Atlanta.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H7"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","African American college presidents--Georgia--Atlanta","African American educators--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["John Hope (1868-1936)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/education/john-hope-1868-1936/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"John Hope (1868-1936),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Hope, John, 1868-1936"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_grace-towns-hamilton-1907-1992","title":"Grace Towns Hamilton (1907-1992)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":["Spritzer, Lorraine Nelson"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Bergmark, Jean B."],"dc_date":["2002-11-19"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Grace Towns Hamilton, the first African American woman elected to the Georgia General Assembly and also the first female of her race in the Deep South to hold a public office of such consequence. She was among eight African Americans sent to the state legislature in a special election in June 1965; they were the first to enter the lower house since the end of Reconstruction. Hamilton represented her district in mid-Atlanta continuously for the next eighteen years, becoming known to her peers as \"the most effective woman legislator the state has ever had.\" She attended Atlanta University and Ohio State University. She worked for the Atlanta Urban League.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H12"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia","African American political activists--Georgia","Legislators--Georgia","African Americans--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["Grace Towns Hamilton (1907-1992)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/grace-towns-hamilton-1907-1992/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Grace Towns Hamilton (1907-1992),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Hamilton, Grace Towns, 1907-1992"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_cultural-landscape-of-georgia-overview","title":"Cultural Landscape of Georgia: Overview","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Lyon, Elizabeth A."],"dc_date":["2002-10-03"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article providing an overview of Georgia's cultural landscape. Georgia's cultural landscape is a product of the distinct history of the state, of what has been built, of what has been preserved, and of past and future developments. The ordinary, or vernacular, environment in which its people live, work, and play represents many layers of time and human activity. From the coastal settlements, marshes, and beaches through the sandy hills and wiregrass agricultural areas of middle Georgia to the sprawling cities of the Piedmont and the mountains of north Georgia, the diverse qualities of the natural and manmade environment are a fundamental part of the lives of all Georgians."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Georgia--Culture","Georgia--Civilization","Georgia--Intellectual life","Historic sites--Georgia","Transportation--Georgia","Architecture--Georgia","Civil rights--Georgia","Cherokee Indians--Georgia","African Americans--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Cultural Landscape of Georgia: Overview"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/cultural-landscape-of-georgia-overview/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Georgia's Cultural Landscape: Overview,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_ku-klux-klan-in-the-reconstruction-era","title":"Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Bryant, Jonathan M."],"dc_date":["2002-10-03"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Ku Klux Klan in Georgia. From 1868 through the early 1870s the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) functioned as a loosely organized group of political and social terrorists. The Klan's goals included political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy in response to newly gained civil and political rights by southern blacks after the Civil War (1861-65). They were more successful in achieving their political goals than they were with their social goals during the Reconstruction era.","GSE identifier: SS8H6"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Ku Klux Klan (1866-1869)","Georgia--Race relations--History--19th century","Racism--Georgia--History--19th century","White supremacy movements--Georgia--History--19th century","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)"],"dcterms_title":["Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-in-the-reconstruction-era/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Ku Klux Klan: Reconstruction Era,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_amos-t-akerman-1821-1880","title":"Amos T. Akerman (1821-1880)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Parker, David B."],"dc_date":["2002-09-12"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Amos Tappan Akerman, a Georgia lawyer who rose to prominence as U.S. attorney general during Reconstruction. He was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on February 23, 1821. He went south to teach after graduating from Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1842, starting in North Carolina, then in Richmond County, Georgia. In 1846 Akerman accepted a position as tutor in the Savannah home of John Macpherson Berrien, U.S. senator and former attorney general. As he taught the Berrien children, Akerman studied law in the senator's library, and he was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1850. He practiced first in Clarkesville, then in Elberton. In 1864 he married Martha Rebecca Galloway, with whom he had eight children, one of whom died. He participated in drafting the Georgia Constitution of 1868 and supported equal political rights for African Americans.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Lawyers--Georgia","Attorneys general--United States","Civil rights workers--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Amos T. Akerman (1821-1880)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/amos-t-akerman-1821-1880/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Amos T. Akerman (1821-1880),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Akerman, Amos Tappan, 1821-1880"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_camilla-massacre","title":"Camilla Massacre","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Formwalt, Lee W."],"dc_date":["2002-09-05"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Camilla Massacre in Camilla, Georgia. The Camilla Massacre, which took place on September 19, 1868, was one of the more violent episodes in Reconstruction Georgia. Two months earlier, Georgia had fulfilled the requirements of Congress's Radical Reconstruction plan and had been readmitted to the Union, yet in early September, the state legislature expelled thirty-two newly elected members because they were African American. Among those removed was southwest Georgia representative Philip Joiner. On September 19, Joiner, along with northerners Francis F. Putney and William P. Pierce, led a twenty-five-mile march of several hundred blacks and a few whites from Albany to Camilla, the Mitchell County seat, to attend a Republican political rally.","GSE identifier: SS8H6"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Camilla Massacre, Camilla, Ga., 1868","Massacres--Georgia--Camilla","Camilla (Ga.)--History--19th century","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)--Southern States","Georgia--Politics and government--1865-1970","Georgia--History--19th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Camilla","Camilla (Ga.)--Race relations","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Camilla"],"dcterms_title":["Camilla Massacre"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/camilla-massacre/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"The Camilla Massacre,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_katharine-du-pre-lumpkin-1897-1988","title":"Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin (1897-1988)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["Romine, Scott"],"dc_date":["2002-07-09"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin who spent a lifetime studying and combating economic and racial oppression as a sociologist, activist, teacher, and writer. She is best known for her autobiography, The Making of a Southerner. The attended Brenau College in Gainesville, Columbia University in New York, and the University of Wisconsin. She served as the national student secretary for the YWCA's southern region and worked at several colleges throughout the country.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Women social reformers--United States","Women teachers--United States","Women authors--United States"],"dcterms_title":["Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin (1897-1988)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/katharine-du-pre-lumpkin-1897-1988/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin (1897-1988),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Lumpkin, Katharine Du Pre, 1897-1988"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_strange-fruit","title":"Strange fruit","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Clayton, Bruce"],"dc_date":["2002-07-03"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the novel Strange Fruit. In hindsight, the controversy that greeted the publication of Lillian Smith's Strange Fruit in 1944 seems unusually heated today. This novel of interracial love was denounced in many places for its \"obscenity,\" although sex is barely mentioned. Massachusetts banned it for a short time; so did the U.S. Post Office. But the book has had many admirers in the years since its publication. It was a commercial success--a best-seller, a Broadway play briefly--and it remains in print in many languages. From her home atop Old Screamer Mountain near Clayton, in Rabun County, Smith knew that many of her neighbors had bought the book, but in public they snubbed her."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Books--United States","Fiction","Love stories, American","Interracial dating--United States","Racism in literature","Race discrimination in literature"],"dcterms_title":["Strange fruit"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/strange-fruit/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Strange Fruit,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_m-4131","title":"Lowery at Lockheed Martin Protest","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Cobb County, Marietta, 33.9526, -84.54993"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["2002-02-22"],"dcterms_description":["Joseph Lowery voices his dismay on February 22, 2000, over alleged racial discrimination practices at Lockheed Martin. Behind him are Lockheed workers who came to lend support to the protest.","Photograph showing Joseph Lowery voicing his dismay on February 22, 2000, over alleged racial discrimination practices at the Lockheed Martin manufacturing plant in Marietta, Georgia. Behind him are Lockheed workers who came to lend support to the protest. He stands with his mouth open as if shouting, and his right index finger is pointing forward. 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