{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_waok","title":"WAOK","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Miller, Matthew L."],"dc_date":["2005-01-28"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about WAOK, an Atlanta AM radio station owned by Zenas Sears, one of the first in the nation to feature as its primary format such as African American musical forms as blues, rhythm and blues (R\u0026B), and soul. Sears started the radio station in 1956 and instituted an all-R\u0026B format, the first of its kind. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, he became involved with the civil rights movement under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., and his social views were reflected in WAOK's programing. In 1968 WAOK altered its format from R\u0026B to soul and in 1980 became a gospel station. In 2001 it changed to \"urban talk.\"","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American radio stations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","WAOK (Radio station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["WAOK"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/waok/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"WAOK,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Sears, Zenas, 1914-1988"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_a-t-walden-1885-1965","title":"A. T. Walden (1885-1965)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Williams, Louis"],"dc_date":["2005-01-14"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about A. T. Walden, an attorney, civil rights leader, and one of the New South's first black political power brokers. One of the few black lawyers in Georgia during the civil rights era, Walden litigated civil rights cases to help equalize pay for black teachers in Georgia. Having won the lawsuits that helped to desegregate the Atlanta public schools and the University of Georgia, Walden earned a national reputation as a civil rights lawyer.He founded and was president of the Gate City Bar Association for African American lawyers in Atlanta in 1948 and was also a member of the Atlanta and American Bar associations.He assumed leadership roles in community organizations including the Butler Street YMCA, the Atlanta Urban League, the Wheat Street Baptist Church, the Atlanta Negro Voters League, and the Atlanta branch of the National Association for the advancement of Colored People (NAACP).","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American judges--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government","African American civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["A. T. Walden (1885-1965)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/a-t-walden-1885-1965/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"A. T. Walden (1885-1965),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Walden, A. T. (Austin Thomas), 1885-1965"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_joseph-lowery-1921-2020","title":"Joseph Lowery (b. 1924)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Kirkland, W. Michael"],"dc_date":["2004-12-16"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Joseph Lowery, a distinguished civil rights leader and respected Methodist minister who helped to organize, along with Martin Luther King Jr., the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and served as its president from 1977 to 1997. Lowery was educated at several colleges, including Knoxville College in Tennessee, Wayne State University in Michigan, Payne College and Theological Seminary in Ohio, and the Chicago Ecumenical Institute. Lowery pastored Warren Street united Methodist Church in Mobile, Alabama, the Central United Methodist Church in southwest Atlanta, and Cascade United Methodist Church in Atlanta. Lowery also served as a board member for MARTA, Atlanta's public transportation system.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Southern States","African American clergy--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Joseph Lowery (b. 1924)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/joseph-lowery-1921-2020/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Joseph Lowery (b. 1924),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Lowery, Joseph E."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_southern-christian-leadership-conference-sclc","title":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Cooksey, Elizabeth B."],"dc_date":["2004-12-10"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), one of the most significant participants in the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. The national organization has always been based in Atlanta, and Georgia has been the home of many of its leaders. Triggered by the bus boycott in Montgomery and other southern cities, influential northern pacifists of both races saw the opportunity to broaden the boycott movement into a southern civil rights movement. SCLC leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Andrew Young, Joseph Lowery, and Fred Shuttlesworth.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS2H1, SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Civil rights movements--Southern States","African American civil rights workers--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/southern-christian-leadership-conference-sclc/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_john-oliver-killens-1916-1987","title":"John Oliver Killens (1916-1987)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["DesJardines, David E."],"dc_date":["2004-11-24"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about John Oliver Killens, an African American writer and native of Macon, Georgia. Killens drew on his own encounters with racism to compose such works as Youngblood, a classic of social protest fiction. The founding chairman of the celebrated Harlem Writers Guild, Killens became a spiritual father of the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s. Like the writer Richard Wright, whom he greatly admired, Killens inspired a subsequent generation of African Americans through writings charged with strong social and political messages."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American authors--New York (State)--New York","African American novelists--New York (State)--New York","African American civil rights workers--New York (State)--New York","Harlem Writers Guild Inc."],"dcterms_title":["John Oliver Killens (1916-1987)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/john-oliver-killens-1916-1987/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"John Oliver Killens (1916-1987),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Killens, John Oliver, 1916-1987"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_city-of-rome-v-united-states-1980","title":"City of Rome v. United States (1980)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Coenen, Dan T., 1952-"],"dc_date":["2004-10-04"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the case of City of Rome v. United States (1980). Race-based discrimination with respect to voting has pervaded American history, and the U.S. Congress aggressively attacked this wrong by adopting the Voting Rights Act of 1965. At issue in the City of Rome case was the most controversial provision of the Voting Rights Act, which requires federal Justice Department approval of any change in any voting practice put in place by a locale marked by a history of discrimination if that change has either \"the purpose [or] . . . the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color.\""],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Judgments--United States","Race discrimination--Law and legislation--United States"],"dcterms_title":["City of Rome v. United States (1980)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/city-of-rome-v-united-states-1980/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"City of Rome v. United States (1980),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_heart-of-atlanta-motel-v-united-states-1964","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Coenen, Dan T."],"dc_date":["2004-10-04"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) which resulted in the Supreme Court upholding the public accommodations provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, outlawing racial discrimination by many private service providers, including hotels, motels, and restaurants selling food that had moved across state lines. None of Congress's enumerated powers unequivocally supported enactment of the \"public accommodations\" feature of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and challengers protested the legislation as impinging on states prerogatives to regulate local matters without federal interference. The Supreme Court upheld the antidiscrimination provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act were a proper exercise of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce, in effect reasoning that race discrimination by even very localized businesses had negative effects on the interstate movement of people and products that allowed Congress to remove these impediments to commerce whether or not its true motives centered on racism.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination in public accommodations--Law and legislation--United States--Cases","United States. Civil Rights Act of 1964","Federal-state controversies--Georgia","Heart of Atlanta Motel--Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_title":["Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/heart-of-atlanta-motel-v-united-states-1964/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_civil-rights-movement","title":"Civil Rights Movement","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Tuck, Stephen"],"dc_date":["2004-09-09"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the civil rights movement in the American South, one of the most significant and successful social movements in the modern world. Black Georgians formed part of this southern movement for full civil rights and the wider national struggle for racial equality. From Atlanta to the most rural counties in Georgia's southwest Cotton Belt, black activists protested white supremacy in a myriad of ways--from legal challenges and mass demonstrations to strikes and self-defense. In many ways, the results were remarkable. As late as World War II (1941-45) black Georgians were effectively denied the vote, segregated in most areas of daily life, and subject to persistent discrimination and often violence. But by 1965, sweeping federal civil rights legislation prohibited segregation and discrimination, and this new phase of race relations was first officially welcomed into Georgia by Governor Jimmy Carter in 1971.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS2H1"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Civil Rights Movement"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/civil-rights-movement/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Civil Rights Movement,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_jackie-robinson-1919-1972","title":"Jackie Robinson (1919-1972)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["York, Kyle"],"dc_date":["2004-08-09"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Jackie Robinson who was the first black man to play major league baseball in the twentieth century when he debuted with the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. He became the first black player to be named Rookie of the Year, to win the Most Valuable Player award, and to be inducted into major league baseball's Hall of Fame. Born in Cairo, Georgia, Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Robinson was drafted into the army in 1942 and served without seeing combat duty due to an ankle injury. He later became a vice president of the Chock Full O'Nuts company.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS2CG3, SS2H1"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American baseball players--New York (State)","Baseball players--New York (State)","Brooklyn Dodgers (Baseball team)","African American civil rights workers--New York (State)","Civil rights workers--New York (State)","African American businesspeople--New York (State)","Businesspeople--New York (State)","Chock Full O'Nuts"],"dcterms_title":["Jackie Robinson (1919-1972)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/sports-outdoor-recreation/jackie-robinson-1919-1972/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Jackie Robinson (1919-1972),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Robinson, Jackie, 1919-1972"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_john-lewis-1940-2020","title":"John Lewis (b. 1940)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Moye, J. Todd"],"dc_date":["2004-07-26"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about John Lewis, a preeminent leader of the modern American civil rights movement. He has represented the Fifth Congressional District of Georgia in the U.S. House of Representatives since 1987. Lewis attended the American Baptist Theological Seminary and Fisk University, both in Nashville, Tennessee. Lewis was a participant in the 1961 Freedom Ride. He was chair of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from 1963 until 1966 and was one of the speakers at the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Lewis was also executive director of the Southern Regional Council's Voter Education Project and the associate director of ACTION, the federal agency for volunteer service. Lewis also served on the Atlanta City Council.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS2H1, SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia","Legislators--United States","African American political activists--Georgia","African Americans--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["John Lewis (b. 1940)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/john-lewis-1940-2020/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"John Lewis (b. 1940),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Lewis, John, 1940-2020"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_ralph-david-abernathy-1926-1990","title":"Ralph David Abernathy (1926-1990)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Kirkland, W. Michael"],"dc_date":["2004-04-27"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Ralph D. Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr.'s chief partner in the civil rights movement. Abernathy helped organize the Montgomery bus boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), succeeding King as SCLC president and leading the Poor People's Campaign March on Washington D.C. after King's assassination. Abernathy attended Atlanta University and pastored First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama as well as West Hunter Street Baptist Church in Atlanta.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American clergy--Georgia","African American civil rights workers--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Ralph David Abernathy (1926-1990)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ralph-david-abernathy-1926-1990/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Ralph Abernathy (1926-1990),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_ralph-mark-gilbert-civil-rights-museum","title":"Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983"],"dcterms_creator":["Elmore, Charles J."],"dc_date":["2004-04-26"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum in Savannah, Georgia, which chronicles the civil rights struggle of Georgia's oldest African American community. The museum is named for the father of the civil rights movement in Savannah, Ralph Mark Gilbert, who served as pastor of the historic First African Baptist Church from 1939 to 1956. Gilbert worked with many organizations to help African Americans including the Savannah Branch and the Georgia Conference of the NAACP. Due to Gilbert's efforts with a black voter registration drive in 1947 Savannah became one of the first cities in the South to hire black policemen. W. W. Law, who became president of the Savannah NAACP in 1950, almost single-handedly led a movement to secure funds for the museum, which is housed in an historic building in the African American community.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--Museums--Georgia--Savannah","Savannah (Ga.)--Race relations--History","Museums--Georgia--Savannah","Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum (Savannah, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ralph-mark-gilbert-civil-rights-museum/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":7,"next_page":8,"prev_page":6,"total_pages":21,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":72,"total_count":251,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"StillImage","hits":157},{"value":"Text","hits":93},{"value":"MovingImage","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Hatfield, Edward A.","hits":14},{"value":"Kirkland, W. Michael","hits":4},{"value":"WALB (Television station : Albany, Ga.)","hits":4},{"value":"Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999","hits":3},{"value":"Lawson, Mary Sterner","hits":3},{"value":"Williams, Louis","hits":3},{"value":"Elmore, Charles J.","hits":2},{"value":"Formwalt, Lee W.","hits":2},{"value":"Geoff Johnson","hits":2},{"value":"Huff, Christopher Allen","hits":2},{"value":"Lloyd, Craig","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":44},{"value":"African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":42},{"value":"African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":31},{"value":"Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":31},{"value":"Men--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":31},{"value":"African American men--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":27},{"value":"Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)","hits":25},{"value":"Civil rights--United States","hits":19},{"value":"African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","hits":18},{"value":"African American civil rights workers--Georgia","hits":16},{"value":"African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Albany","hits":16}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_personal_facet","items":[{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":23},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":12},{"value":"King, Slater, 1927-1969","hits":8},{"value":"Hunter-Gault, Charlayne","hits":7},{"value":"Lewis, John, 1940-2020","hits":7},{"value":"Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","hits":7},{"value":"Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","hits":6},{"value":"Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","hits":5},{"value":"Holmes, Hamilton, 1941-","hits":5},{"value":"King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988","hits":5},{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966","hits":5}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"name_authoritative_sms","items":[{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":23},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":12},{"value":"King, Slater, 1927-1969","hits":8},{"value":"Hunter-Gault, Charlayne","hits":7},{"value":"Lewis, John, 1940-2020","hits":7},{"value":"Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","hits":7},{"value":"Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","hits":6},{"value":"Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","hits":5},{"value":"King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988","hits":5},{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966","hits":5},{"value":"Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993","hits":4}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"event_title_sms","items":[{"value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Prize","hits":23},{"value":"Housing Act of 1961","hits":19},{"value":"University of Georgia Integration","hits":12},{"value":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","hits":4},{"value":"March on Washington","hits":4},{"value":"Freedom Rides","hits":3},{"value":"Georgia Tech Integration","hits":3},{"value":"Sit-ins: Atlanta, Ga.","hits":3},{"value":"Dr. King's Assassination","hits":2},{"value":"Poor People's Campaign","hits":2},{"value":"Selma-Montgomery March","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"location_facet","items":[{"value":"United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","hits":93},{"value":"United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","hits":40},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574","hits":23},{"value":"United States, 39.76, -98.5","hits":15},{"value":"United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","hits":13},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","hits":10},{"value":"United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434","hits":10},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983","hits":9},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Muscogee County, Columbus, 32.46098, -84.98771","hits":5},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484","hits":5},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Dallas County, 32.32597, -87.10648","hits":4}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"us_states_facet","items":[{"value":"Georgia","hits":209},{"value":"District of Columbia","hits":13},{"value":"Alabama","hits":10},{"value":"Tennessee","hits":5},{"value":"New York","hits":4},{"value":"Illinois","hits":2},{"value":"Massachusetts","hits":2},{"value":"North Carolina","hits":2},{"value":"Virginia","hits":2},{"value":"","hits":1},{"value":"California","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"year_facet","items":[{"value":"1961","hits":52},{"value":"1962","hits":48},{"value":"1950","hits":36},{"value":"1963","hits":36},{"value":"1946","hits":35},{"value":"1953","hits":35},{"value":"1954","hits":35},{"value":"1964","hits":35},{"value":"1965","hits":35},{"value":"1951","hits":34},{"value":"1952","hits":34},{"value":"1955","hits":34},{"value":"1957","hits":34},{"value":"1960","hits":34},{"value":"1956","hits":32},{"value":"1958","hits":32},{"value":"1959","hits":32},{"value":"1966","hits":32},{"value":"1968","hits":31},{"value":"1949","hits":30},{"value":"1942","hits":29},{"value":"1943","hits":29},{"value":"1944","hits":29},{"value":"1947","hits":29},{"value":"1967","hits":29},{"value":"1940","hits":28},{"value":"1941","hits":28},{"value":"1945","hits":28},{"value":"1948","hits":28},{"value":"2004","hits":28},{"value":"2005","hits":28},{"value":"2007","hits":27},{"value":"1935","hits":26},{"value":"1936","hits":26},{"value":"1937","hits":26},{"value":"1939","hits":26},{"value":"1930","hits":25},{"value":"1932","hits":25},{"value":"1933","hits":25},{"value":"1934","hits":25},{"value":"1938","hits":25},{"value":"1969","hits":25},{"value":"1928","hits":24},{"value":"1929","hits":24},{"value":"1931","hits":24},{"value":"1970","hits":24},{"value":"1927","hits":23},{"value":"2002","hits":23},{"value":"2003","hits":23},{"value":"1921","hits":22},{"value":"1922","hits":22},{"value":"1923","hits":22},{"value":"1924","hits":22},{"value":"1925","hits":22},{"value":"1926","hits":22},{"value":"2006","hits":22},{"value":"1913","hits":21},{"value":"1914","hits":21},{"value":"1916","hits":21},{"value":"1917","hits":21},{"value":"1918","hits":21},{"value":"1919","hits":21},{"value":"1920","hits":21},{"value":"1992","hits":21},{"value":"1912","hits":20},{"value":"1915","hits":20},{"value":"1972","hits":20},{"value":"1991","hits":20},{"value":"2008","hits":20},{"value":"1971","hits":19},{"value":"1973","hits":19},{"value":"1974","hits":19},{"value":"1906","hits":18},{"value":"1907","hits":18},{"value":"1908","hits":18},{"value":"1909","hits":18},{"value":"1910","hits":18},{"value":"1911","hits":18},{"value":"1975","hits":18},{"value":"1977","hits":18},{"value":"1978","hits":18},{"value":"1981","hits":18},{"value":"1987","hits":18},{"value":"1990","hits":18},{"value":"1996","hits":18},{"value":"1998","hits":18},{"value":"2001","hits":18},{"value":"1905","hits":17},{"value":"1976","hits":17},{"value":"1979","hits":17},{"value":"1980","hits":17},{"value":"1983","hits":17},{"value":"1984","hits":17},{"value":"1993","hits":17},{"value":"1997","hits":17},{"value":"1999","hits":17},{"value":"2000","hits":17},{"value":"2010","hits":17},{"value":"2013","hits":17},{"value":"2016","hits":17}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null},"min":"1708","max":"2025","count":3198,"missing":0},{"name":"medium_facet","items":[{"value":"articles","hits":92},{"value":"black-and-white photographs","hits":90},{"value":"color photographs","hits":30},{"value":"photographs","hits":4},{"value":"editorial cartoons","hits":3},{"value":"fliers (printed matter)","hits":3},{"value":"illustrations (layout features)","hits":3},{"value":"drawings (visual works)","hits":2},{"value":"news","hits":2},{"value":"application forms","hits":1},{"value":"books","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"rights_facet","items":[{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","hits":109},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","hits":72},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/","hits":55},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/","hits":4},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","hits":4},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","hits":3},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","hits":2},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/","hits":1},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"collection_titles_sms","items":[{"value":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","hits":251},{"value":"Civil Rights and the Pulitzer Prize in Georgia","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"provenance_facet","items":[{"value":"New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)","hits":251}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"class_name","items":[{"value":"Item","hits":251}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"educator_resource_b","items":[{"value":"false","hits":251}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}}]}}