{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_dorothy-rogers-tilly-1883-1970","title":"Dorothy Rogers Tilly (1883-1970)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Riehm, Edith Holbrook"],"dc_date":["2005-09-09"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Dorothy Rogers Tilly who devoted her entire adult life to reforming southern race relations. Her extensive career as an activist, organizer, and mentor forged a link between the reform efforts of the early twentieth century and the modern civil rights movement. She attended two colleges, graduating from Reinhardt College, in north Georgia, in 1899 and from Wesleyan College, in Macon, in 1901. She worked with the Women's Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, the Southern Regional Council and the Fulton-DeKalb Commission on Interracial Cooperation, and the Fellowship of the Concerned (FOC). In 1946 president Harry S. Truman appointed Tilly to the Committee on Civil Rights.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Women social reformers--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Dorothy Rogers Tilly (1883-1970)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/dorothy-rogers-tilly-1883-1970/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Dorothy Rogers Tilly (1883-1970),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Tilly, Dorothy Rogers, 1883-1970"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_lena-horne-1917-2010","title":"Lena Horne (b. 1917)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["Cason, Caroline"],"dc_date":["2005-09-01"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Lena Horne, singer and civil rights advocate, who has received several honors commemorating her contributions to the performing arts. Horne began her career in show business as a dancer at Harlem's famed Cotton Club; she later debuted with Noble Sissle's band and toured with Charlie Barnet's band, becoming the first African American to tour with an all-white band. She worked on Broadway and in 1943 became the first black performer to be awarded a contract with a major film studio when she signed with MGM. Horne refused to play roles traditionally given to black women like maids or nannies. In the early 1950s she and many other politically active performers were blacklisted as suspected Communists. She was also active with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers","African American women musicians"],"dcterms_title":["Lena Horne (b. 1917)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/lena-horne-1917-2010/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Lena Horne (b. 1917),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Horne, Lena, 1917-2010"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_hamilton-holmes-1941-1995","title":"Hamilton Holmes (1941-1995)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["Nash, Amanda"],"dc_date":["2005-08-19"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Hamilton Holmes who is best known for desegregating Georgia's universities. One of the first two African American students admitted to the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens in 1961, Holmes was also the first black student admitted to the Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta two years later. He knew early on that he wanted to be a physician, like his grandfather Hamilton Mayo Holmes. Holmes attended Atlanta's Henry McNeal Turner High School, considered the most prestigious high school for black students in Atlanta's segregated public school system. He graduated from Turner in 1959 as valedictorian, having served as both president of his senior class and cocaptain of the school's football team. Before being admitted to the University of Georgia he attended Moorehouse College in Atlanta.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["College integration--Georgia--Athens","University of Georgia","African American physicians--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Hamilton Holmes (1941-1995)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/hamilton-holmes-1941-1995/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Hamilton Holmes (1941-1995),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Holmes, Hamilton, 1941-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_ossie-davis-1917-2005","title":"Ossie Davis (1917-2005)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["Devaney, Sheila"],"dc_date":["2005-07-21"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Ossie Davis, a native of south Georgia and one of the most recognized and influential African American performers and activists of the late twentieth century. In addition to his work as an actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and playwright, Davis, along with his wife Ruby Dee, was known for his civil rights activism. The couple, who appeared in numerous productions together, are widely credited with furthering opportunities on stage and screen for subsequent generations of black artists. Davis attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. and studied drama with the Rose McClendon Players in Harlem. During World War II (1941-1945) Davis enlisted in the army and served in Liberia. After the war he worked on Broadway and in television, acting, directing, writing, and producing. He and his wife were active in the civil rights movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American entertainers","African American civil rights workers"],"dcterms_title":["Ossie Davis (1917-2005)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/ossie-davis-1917-2005/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Ossie Davis (1917-2005),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Davis, Ossie"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_ku-klux-klan-in-the-twentieth-century","title":"Ku Klux Klan in the twentieth century","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Lay, Shawn"],"dc_date":["2005-07-07"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Ku Klux Klan, a secret society dedicated to white supremacy in the United States, which has existed in various forms since it was organized in Tennessee shortly after the end of the Civil War (1861-1865). William J. Simmons, a recruiter for men's fraternal societies, established a new Ku Klux Klan in 1915, declaring its rebirth at a ceremony held at Stone Mountain outside of Atlanta. The group's membership was restricted to white American-born Protestant men. The Klan has waxed and wained and divided since its 1915 rebirth until a 1993 court order forced one of the groups to disband.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H7"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Ku Klux Klan (1915- )","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Racism--Georgia--History--20th century","White supremacy movements--Georgia--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Ku Klux Klan in the twentieth century"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-in-the-twentieth-century/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_walter-white-1893-1955","title":"Walter White (1893-1955)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["Janken, Kenneth R."],"dc_date":["2005-06-01"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Walter White, Atlanta native, who served as chief secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1929 to 1955. During the twenty-five years preceding the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, White was one of the most prominent African American figures and spokespeople in the country. Upon his death in 1955, the New York Times eulogized him as \"the nearest approach to a national leader of American Negroes since Booker T. Washington.\" He attended Atlanta University and worked with the Standard Life Insurance Company before moving to New York and working with the NAACP.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers","African American civic leaders"],"dcterms_title":["Walter White (1893-1955)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/walter-white-1893-1955/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Walter White (1893-1955),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["White, Walter, 1893-1955"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_vernon-jordan-1935-2021","title":"Vernon Jordan (b. 1935)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Kirkland, W. Michael"],"dc_date":["2005-05-27"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Vernon Jordan, a lawyer and presidential adviser, who has been an influential figure in the civil rights movement and in American politics since the early 1960s. Jordan has served as field director for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), executive director of the United Negro College Fund, executive director of the National Urban League, and head of the transition team for U.S. president Bill Clinton. Jordan attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana and later law school at Howard University, in Washington, D.C.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American lawyers--Georgia","African American civil rights workers--Georgia","African American political activists--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Vernon Jordan (b. 1935)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/vernon-jordan-1935-2021/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Vernon Jordan (b. 1935),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Jordan, Vernon E. (Vernon Eulion), Jr., 1935-2021"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_primus-e-king-1900-1986","title":"Primus E. King (1900-1986)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Muscogee County, Columbus, 32.46098, -84.98771"],"dcterms_creator":["Lloyd, Craig"],"dc_date":["2005-05-20"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Primus E. King, an African American registered to vote, who was turned away from the courthouse in Columbus when he sought to vote in the Democratic Party's primary election on July 4, 1944. Oscar D. Smith Sr., a white attorney, prepared a lawsuit against members of the Muscogee County Democratic Party Executive Committee for denying King his right to vote. Federal district court judge T. Hoyt Davis ruled in King's favor as did the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, overturning Georgia's \"white only\" primary. King worked in Columbus as a a barber and minister.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H10"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Columbus","African Americans--Suffrage--Georgia--Columbus","African American men--Georgia--Columbus"],"dcterms_title":["Primus E. King (1900-1986)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/primus-e-king-1900-1986/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Primus E. King (1900-1986),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Primus E., 1900-1986"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_mary-frances-early-b-1936","title":"Mary Frances Early (b. 1936)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["Griffin, Joy"],"dc_date":["2005-05-15"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Mary Frances Early. On August 16, 1962, Mary Frances Early became the first African American to graduate from the University of Georgia (UGA). Her accomplishment has been overshadowed by that of Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, who enrolled at UGA in January 1961, becoming the first African Americans to attend the previously segregated institution. Early remembers, \"I sent in my application just after Char and Hamilton were evicted from campus for their own safety after a riot. . .And I thought, 'Well, they have been brave enough to open up the undergraduate school, so somebody needs to step forward to open up the graduate school--why not me?'\" She transferred her graduate work from the University of Michigan to UGA and graduated with a master's degree in music education in 1962, a year before Hunter and Holmes finished their undergraduate studies.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American women--Georgia--Athens","Musicians--Georgia--Atlanta","African American women musicians--Georgia--Athens","University of Georgia--Alumni and alumnae","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Athens","Civil rights--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","African American women college students--Georgia--Athens"],"dcterms_title":["Mary Frances Early (b. 1936)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/mary-frances-early-b-1936/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"ARTICLE TITLE,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_rosenwald-schools","title":"Rosenwald schools","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Jones, Beverly"],"dc_date":["2005-05-06"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Rosenwald Schools. The Rural School Building Program of the Julius Rosenwald Fund provided financial grants for the construction of public schools for African Americans throughout the South. The fund was established in 1917, but Julius Rosenwald began giving money for schools as early as 1912. Between 1912 and 1932, contributions from the Rosenwald Fund helped to build 4,977 new schools for African Americans in fifteen southern states. In Georgia 242 schools were constructed with the aid of Rosenwald funds, and 103 of the state's counties had at least one Rosenwald school (Georgia had 146 counties from 1912 to 1923, and 161 counties from 1924 to 1932)."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Philanthropists--Illinois--Chicago","Julius Rosenwald Fund","African American schools--Georgia","African Americans--Education--Georgia","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia","Rural schools--Georgia","Segregation in education--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Rosenwald schools"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/education/rosenwald-schools/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"ARTICLE TITLE,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Rosenwald, Julius, 1862-1932"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_malcolm-bell-jr-1913-2001","title":"Malcolm Bell Jr. (1913-2001)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983"],"dcterms_creator":["Pressly, Paul M."],"dc_date":["2005-04-15"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Malcolm Bell Jr. who provided civic leadership for Savannah as a banker, historian, and civil rights advocate. His historical works make readers think about the nature of the African American experience in the South. He also helped to build the Georgia Historical Society into a major force in the study of state history. Bell attended the University of North Carolina and the Graduate School of Banking at Rutgers University. He served in the Coast Guard during World War II (1941-1945) and later became president of the Savannah Bank and Trust Company. Bell also served as chairman of the chamber of commerce, the United Community Appeal, and the Savannah Port Authority.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Bankers--Georgia--Savannah","Historians--Georgia--Savannah","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Savannah","Civic leaders--Georgia--Savannah"],"dcterms_title":["Malcolm Bell Jr. (1913-2001)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/malcolm-bell-jr-1913-2001/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Malcolm Bell Jr. (1913-2001),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Bell, Malcolm, 1913-2001"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_koinonia-farm","title":"Koinonia Farm","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Sumter County, Americus, 32.07239, -84.23269"],"dcterms_creator":["Chancey, Andrew S."],"dc_date":["2005-03-11"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Koinonia Farm, established by Martin England and Clarence Jordan, a pair of white Baptist ministers, on 400 acres in rural Sumter County in 1942 in an attempt to live out the principles of pacifism, simplicity, and racial integration. Sumter County residents criticized Koinonia for practices of social integration and for welcoming conscientious objectors during World War II (1941-1945). After boycott and violence left Koinonia Farm essentially dormant, new ideas revived it in 1969 when Jordan joined with Millard Fuller and reincorporated the farm into Koinonia Partners. The instituted a low-cost, interest-free building program that eventually constructed 200 houses in Sumter County. In 1976 Millard Fuller and his wife, Linda, left Koinonia to establish Habitat for Humanity International in nearby Americus. Koinonia has also been involved with helping refuges from around the world as well as prison and death penalty reform.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Koinonia Farm","Civil rights--Religious aspects--Christianity","Nonviolence--Religious aspects--Christianity","Christian communities--Georgia--History--20th century","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations--Religious aspects--Christianity--History--20th century","Pacifism--Religious aspects--Christianity"],"dcterms_title":["Koinonia Farm"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/koinonia-farm/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Koinonia Farm,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":6,"next_page":7,"prev_page":5,"total_pages":21,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":60,"total_count":251,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"StillImage","hits":157},{"value":"Text","hits":93},{"value":"MovingImage","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Hatfield, Edward A.","hits":14},{"value":"Kirkland, W. Michael","hits":4},{"value":"WALB (Television station : Albany, Ga.)","hits":4},{"value":"Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999","hits":3},{"value":"Lawson, Mary Sterner","hits":3},{"value":"Williams, Louis","hits":3},{"value":"Elmore, Charles J.","hits":2},{"value":"Formwalt, Lee W.","hits":2},{"value":"Geoff Johnson","hits":2},{"value":"Huff, Christopher Allen","hits":2},{"value":"Lloyd, Craig","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":44},{"value":"African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":42},{"value":"African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":31},{"value":"Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":31},{"value":"Men--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":31},{"value":"African American men--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":27},{"value":"Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)","hits":25},{"value":"Civil rights--United States","hits":19},{"value":"African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","hits":18},{"value":"African American civil rights workers--Georgia","hits":16},{"value":"African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Albany","hits":16}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_personal_facet","items":[{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":23},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":12},{"value":"King, Slater, 1927-1969","hits":8},{"value":"Hunter-Gault, Charlayne","hits":7},{"value":"Lewis, John, 1940-2020","hits":7},{"value":"Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","hits":7},{"value":"Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","hits":6},{"value":"Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","hits":5},{"value":"Holmes, Hamilton, 1941-","hits":5},{"value":"King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988","hits":5},{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966","hits":5}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"name_authoritative_sms","items":[{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":23},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":12},{"value":"King, Slater, 1927-1969","hits":8},{"value":"Hunter-Gault, Charlayne","hits":7},{"value":"Lewis, John, 1940-2020","hits":7},{"value":"Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","hits":7},{"value":"Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","hits":6},{"value":"Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","hits":5},{"value":"King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988","hits":5},{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966","hits":5},{"value":"Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993","hits":4}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"event_title_sms","items":[{"value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Prize","hits":23},{"value":"Housing Act of 1961","hits":19},{"value":"University of Georgia Integration","hits":12},{"value":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","hits":4},{"value":"March on Washington","hits":4},{"value":"Freedom Rides","hits":3},{"value":"Georgia Tech Integration","hits":3},{"value":"Sit-ins: Atlanta, Ga.","hits":3},{"value":"Dr. King's Assassination","hits":2},{"value":"Poor People's Campaign","hits":2},{"value":"Selma-Montgomery March","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"location_facet","items":[{"value":"United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","hits":93},{"value":"United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","hits":40},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574","hits":23},{"value":"United States, 39.76, -98.5","hits":15},{"value":"United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","hits":13},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","hits":10},{"value":"United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434","hits":10},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983","hits":9},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Muscogee County, Columbus, 32.46098, -84.98771","hits":5},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484","hits":5},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Dallas County, 32.32597, -87.10648","hits":4}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"us_states_facet","items":[{"value":"Georgia","hits":209},{"value":"District of Columbia","hits":13},{"value":"Alabama","hits":10},{"value":"Tennessee","hits":5},{"value":"New York","hits":4},{"value":"Illinois","hits":2},{"value":"Massachusetts","hits":2},{"value":"North Carolina","hits":2},{"value":"Virginia","hits":2},{"value":"","hits":1},{"value":"California","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"year_facet","items":[{"value":"1961","hits":52},{"value":"1962","hits":48},{"value":"1950","hits":36},{"value":"1963","hits":36},{"value":"1946","hits":35},{"value":"1953","hits":35},{"value":"1954","hits":35},{"value":"1964","hits":35},{"value":"1965","hits":35},{"value":"1951","hits":34},{"value":"1952","hits":34},{"value":"1955","hits":34},{"value":"1957","hits":34},{"value":"1960","hits":34},{"value":"1956","hits":32},{"value":"1958","hits":32},{"value":"1959","hits":32},{"value":"1966","hits":32},{"value":"1968","hits":31},{"value":"1949","hits":30},{"value":"1942","hits":29},{"value":"1943","hits":29},{"value":"1944","hits":29},{"value":"1947","hits":29},{"value":"1967","hits":29},{"value":"1940","hits":28},{"value":"1941","hits":28},{"value":"1945","hits":28},{"value":"1948","hits":28},{"value":"2004","hits":28},{"value":"2005","hits":28},{"value":"2007","hits":27},{"value":"1935","hits":26},{"value":"1936","hits":26},{"value":"1937","hits":26},{"value":"1939","hits":26},{"value":"1930","hits":25},{"value":"1932","hits":25},{"value":"1933","hits":25},{"value":"1934","hits":25},{"value":"1938","hits":25},{"value":"1969","hits":25},{"value":"1928","hits":24},{"value":"1929","hits":24},{"value":"1931","hits":24},{"value":"1970","hits":24},{"value":"1927","hits":23},{"value":"2002","hits":23},{"value":"2003","hits":23},{"value":"1921","hits":22},{"value":"1922","hits":22},{"value":"1923","hits":22},{"value":"1924","hits":22},{"value":"1925","hits":22},{"value":"1926","hits":22},{"value":"2006","hits":22},{"value":"1913","hits":21},{"value":"1914","hits":21},{"value":"1916","hits":21},{"value":"1917","hits":21},{"value":"1918","hits":21},{"value":"1919","hits":21},{"value":"1920","hits":21},{"value":"1992","hits":21},{"value":"1912","hits":20},{"value":"1915","hits":20},{"value":"1972","hits":20},{"value":"1991","hits":20},{"value":"2008","hits":20},{"value":"1971","hits":19},{"value":"1973","hits":19},{"value":"1974","hits":19},{"value":"1906","hits":18},{"value":"1907","hits":18},{"value":"1908","hits":18},{"value":"1909","hits":18},{"value":"1910","hits":18},{"value":"1911","hits":18},{"value":"1975","hits":18},{"value":"1977","hits":18},{"value":"1978","hits":18},{"value":"1981","hits":18},{"value":"1987","hits":18},{"value":"1990","hits":18},{"value":"1996","hits":18},{"value":"1998","hits":18},{"value":"2001","hits":18},{"value":"1905","hits":17},{"value":"1976","hits":17},{"value":"1979","hits":17},{"value":"1980","hits":17},{"value":"1983","hits":17},{"value":"1984","hits":17},{"value":"1993","hits":17},{"value":"1997","hits":17},{"value":"1999","hits":17},{"value":"2000","hits":17},{"value":"2010","hits":17},{"value":"2013","hits":17},{"value":"2016","hits":17}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null},"min":"1708","max":"2025","count":3198,"missing":0},{"name":"medium_facet","items":[{"value":"articles","hits":92},{"value":"black-and-white photographs","hits":90},{"value":"color photographs","hits":30},{"value":"photographs","hits":4},{"value":"editorial cartoons","hits":3},{"value":"fliers (printed matter)","hits":3},{"value":"illustrations (layout features)","hits":3},{"value":"drawings (visual works)","hits":2},{"value":"news","hits":2},{"value":"application forms","hits":1},{"value":"books","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"rights_facet","items":[{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","hits":109},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","hits":72},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/","hits":55},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/","hits":4},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","hits":4},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","hits":3},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","hits":2},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/","hits":1},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"collection_titles_sms","items":[{"value":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","hits":251},{"value":"Civil Rights and the Pulitzer Prize in Georgia","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"provenance_facet","items":[{"value":"New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)","hits":251}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"class_name","items":[{"value":"Item","hits":251}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"educator_resource_b","items":[{"value":"false","hits":251}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}}]}}