{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_student-movements-of-the-1960s","title":"Student Movements of the 1960s","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Huff, Christopher Allen"],"dc_date":["2007-06-01"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the increase student activism on Georgia college campuses and in Georgia cities during the 1960s.Opposed to U.S. political leadership and dissatisfied with American culture, student activists held demonstrations across the state and experimented with lifestyle changes in the hope of effecting fundamental change in American life.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11, SS2H1"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movement--Georgia","College students--Georgia","Social movements--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Student Movements of the 1960s"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/student-movements-of-the-1960s/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"40 Watt Club,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_m-10897","title":"Lemuel Penn Marker","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Madison County, 34.12778, -83.20904"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["2007"],"dcterms_description":["A historical marker on Georgia Highway 172 in Madison County commemorates the murder of Lt. Col. Lemuel Penn by Ku Klux Klan members in 1964.","Photograph of a Georgia Historical Commission marker on Georgia Highway 172 in Madison County. The marker commemorates the murder of Lt. Col. Lemuel Penn by Ku Klux Klan members in 1964.","The text of the marker is as follows: \"Lt. Col. Lemuel Penn and the Civil Rights Act. On the night of July 11, 1964 three African-American World War II veterans returning home following training at Ft. Benning, Georgia were noticed in Athens by local members of the Ku Klux Klan. The officers were followed to the nearby Broad River Bridge where their pursuers fired into the vehicle, killing Lt. Col. Lemuel Penn. When a local jury failed to convict the suspects of murder, the federal government successfully prosecuted the men for violations under the new Civil Rights Act of 1964, passed just nine days before Penn's murder. The case was instrumental in the creation of a Justice Department task force whose work culminated in the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Erected by the Georgia Historical Society, Lemuel Penn Memorial Committee, and Colbert Grove Baptist Church.\"","The Georgia Historical Commission was the earliest statewide force for historic preservation in Georgia; the advent of the commission was the first time state government, rather than a private organization, became involved in historic preservation. One of the commission's major works was erecting some 1,800 historical markers."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/lemuel-penn-murder","Forms part of: New Georgia Encyclopedia"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/lemuel-penn-murder","Forms part of: New Georgia Encyclopedia"],"dcterms_subject":["Historical markers--Georgia--Madison County","Historic sites--Georgia--Madison County","Georgia Historical Commission","Roads--Georgia--Madison County","Civil rights--Georgia--Madison County","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Madison County","Murder--Georgia--Madison County","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Madison County","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )"],"dcterms_title":["Lemuel Penn Marker"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/lemuel-penn-murder/m-10897/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["Courtesy of Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia","Georgia Info, Digital Library of Georgia"],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["color photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Penn, Lemuel"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_coretta-scott-king-1927-2006","title":"Coretta Scott King (1927-2006)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Perry County, Heiberger, 32.75818, -87.28667","United States, Alabama, Perry County, Marion, 32.63235, -87.31917","United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Boston, 42.35843, -71.05977","United States, Ohio, Greene County, Yellow Springs, 39.80645, -83.88687","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["McCarty, Laura"],"dc_date":["2006-11-03"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Coretta Scott King, a proponent of civil and human rights, who helped her husband, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., lead the modern civil rights movement. During their life together, she was his helpmate, raising their four children while supporting his efforts to promote nonviolent social change in race relations during the 1950s and 1960s. Born in 1927 in Heiberger, Alabama, she graduated from Lincoln Normal School, a private school in Marion, Alabama, supported by the American Missionary Association. She then studied music education and sang with choirs at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, graduating in 1951. Her excellence as a singer earned her a scholarship to New England Conservatory of Music in Boston where she received further music training. She often used her singing talents to raise funds for various civil and human rights causes and activities. She and Martin Luther King, Jr., met in Boston and were married in 1953.After her husband's assassination in 1968, she articulated a vision of his nonviolence expressed internationally through the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change that she founded in Atlanta as a memorial to her slain husband.To foster remembrance of his life and work, she advocated a federal holiday to celebrate his January birthday. She died in January 2006 at a holistic health hospital in Mexico and was both the first woman and the first African American to lie in state at the state capitol rotunda in Atlanta, Georgia.She was buried with her husband at the King Center.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11, SS2H1"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American singers--Georgia","Singers--Georgia","African American women singers--Georgia","Women singers--Georgia","African American 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1955-1956","March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Washington, D.C., 1963","Martin Luther King, Jr., Day--United States","Martin Luther King, Jr., Day--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Coretta Scott King (1927-2006)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/coretta-scott-king-1927-2006/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Ray, James Earl, 1928-1998","Jowers, Loyd, -2000","Gandhi, Mahatma, 1869-1948","Mandela, Nelson, 1918-2013","Mandela, Winnie","King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006--Death and burial","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Assassination","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Death and burial"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_preston-king-b-1936","title":"Preston King (b. 1936)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Lawson, Mary Sterner"],"dc_date":["2006-10-13"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Preston King. Preston King, an accomplished lecturer and professor of philosophy, lived abroad in exile for nearly forty years. A member of an Albany family well known for civil rights activism, King was convicted of draft evasion in 1961. Believing he had been unfairly treated, he left the country to pursue a career in higher education."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["College teachers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American college teachers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Scholars--Georgia--Atlanta","African American scholars--Georgia--Atlanta","African American authors--Georgia--Atlanta","Authors, American--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["Preston King (b. 1936)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/preston-king-b-1936/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"ARTICLE TITLE,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Preston T., 1936-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_king-center","title":"King Center","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Eskew, Glenn T."],"dc_date":["2006-07-28"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change which originated in the weeks after the 1968 assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. His widow, Coretta Scott King, proposed that living monument be place in the Auburn Avenue Historic District in Atlanta and her vision of a memorial found fruition as the King Center, which is now managed, along with related sites, by the National Park Service","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--United States","Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change"],"dcterms_title":["King Center"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/king-center/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"King Center,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_student-nonviolent-coordinating-committee-sncc","title":"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Holliman, Irene V."],"dc_date":["2006-07-14"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), one of the key organizations in the American civil rights movement in the 1960s. Established with the help of Ella Baker during a meeting at Shaw University campus in Raleigh, North Carolina, SNCC sought to coordinate youth-led nonviolent, direct-action campaigns against segregation and other forms of racism with members playing an integral role in sit-ins, \"freedom rides,\" the 1963 March on Washington, and voter education projects like the Mississippi Freedom Summer.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Southern States","African American students--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)"],"dcterms_title":["Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/student-nonviolent-coordinating-committee-sncc/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_sibley-commission","title":"Sibley Commission","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Huff, Christopher Allen"],"dc_date":["2006-06-22"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Sibley Commission. In 1960 Governor Ernest Vandiver Jr., forced to decide between closing public schools or complying with a federal order to desegregate them, tapped state representative George Busbee to introduce legislation creating the General Assembly Committee on Schools. Commonly known as the Sibley Commission, the committee was charged with gathering state residents' sentiments regarding desegregation and reporting back to the governor. The report issued by the Sibley Commission laid the foundation for the end of massive resistance to desegregation in the state and helped avoid a showdown between Vandiver and the federal government.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Georgia. General Assembly. Committee on Schools","Segregation in education--Georgia--Atlanta","School integration--Georgia--Atlanta","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","Discrimination in education--Law and legislation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Education--Georgia","Education--Georgia","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia","Civil rights--Georgia","Federal-state controversies--Georgia","Federal-city relations--Georgia--Atlanta","Intervention (Federal government)--Georgia","Race relations","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Freedom of speech--Georgia","Prayer--Georgia","Atlanta Public Schools","Public schools--Georgia--Atlanta","School closings--Georgia","Atlanta (Ga.)--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Georgia--History--20th century","Georgia--Politics and government--20th century","Government, Resistance to--Georgia--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Sibley Commission"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/education/sibley-commission/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"ARTICLE TITLE,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005","Sibley, John A. (John Adams), 1888-1986"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_hosea-williams-1926-2000","title":"Hosea Williams (1926-2000)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Kirkland, W. Michael"],"dc_date":["2006-03-24"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Hosea Williams, a principle leader of the civil rights movement. He was renowned for his militancy and his ability to organize demonstrations and mobilize protesters. Williams served as a leader of the Savannah branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). He also held elected office in the Georgia General Assembly, the Atlanta City Council, and as a DeKalb County Commissioner. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II where he was wounded which earned him a permanent limp and a Purple Heart. He attended Morris Brown College and Atlanta University before becoming a chemist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Savannah. Williams founded the Hosea Feed the Hungry and Homeless program as well as the Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia","African American chemists--Georgia--Savannah","Legislators--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Hosea Williams (1926-2000)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/hosea-williams-1926-2000/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"Hosea Williams (1926-2000),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_jesse-hill-1927-2012","title":"Jesse Hill (b. 1927)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Myers, Barton"],"dc_date":["2006-03-10"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Jesse Hill, a prominent African American civil rights leader in Atlanta, who was the president and chief executive officer of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company from 1973 to 1992. He was the first African American to be elected president of a chamber of commerce in a major city and a member of the board of directors for the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. 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