{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_william-holmes-borders-1905-1993","title":"William Holmes Borders","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2007-12-14"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Reverend William Holmes Borders, who between 1937 and 1988 served as pastor of Wheat Street Baptist Church in Atlanta, where he campaigned for civil rights and distinguished himself as a spokesperson for the city's poor and dispossessed. Born in Macon, Borders graduated from Morehouse College in Atlanta and then attended Garrett Theological Seminary at Northwestern University where he received his bachelor of divinity degree in 1932 and subsequently accepted the pastorate of the Second Baptist Church in Evanston, Illinois.In 1936, he earned a master's degree from Northwestern. Borders was instrumental in the hiring of Atlanta's first black police officers in the 1940s, led the campaign to desegregate the city's public transportation in the 1950s, and established the nation's first federally subsidized, church-operated rental housing project in the 1960s. Thereafter, he continued to support a variety of philanthropic causes and remained an influential public figure in Atlanta until his death in 1993.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American political activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Political activists--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Social conditions--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Community life--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Social justice--Georgia--Atlanta","Social justice--Religious aspects--Baptists","Equality--Georgia--Atlanta","African American police--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","African American criminal justice personnel--Georgia--Atlanta","Criminal justice personnel--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Officials and employees","Transportation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Buses--Georgia--Atlanta","Boycotts--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Transportation--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Low-income housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing authorities--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing management--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing subsidies--Georgia--Atlanta","Apartments--Georgia--Atlanta","Rental housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Rental housing--Finance","Church property--Georgia--Atlanta","Church work--Georgia--Atlanta","Church work--Baptists","Church work with African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Church work with the poor--Georgia--Atlanta","African American churches--Georgia--Atlanta","Churches--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Religion","Streets--Georgia--Atlanta","Neighborhood--Georgia--Atlanta","African American neighborhoods--Georgia--Atlanta","Ethnic neighborhoods--Georgia--Atlanta","Inner cities--Georgia--Atlanta","African American orators--Georgia--Atlanta","Orators--Georgia--Atlanta","African American radio broadcasters--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio broadcasters--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio personalities--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio programs--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio in religion--Georgia--Atlanta","Mass media in religion--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio broadcasting--Religious aspects","Primaries--Georgia","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Election","Arrest--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Saving and investment--Georgia--Atlanta","Credit unions--Georgia--Atlanta","Employment agencies--Georgia--Atlanta","Job vacancies--Georgia--Atlanta","Unemployed--Georgia--Atlanta","Day care centers--Georgia--Atlanta","Child care--Georgia--Atlanta","Urban renewal--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta Life Insurance Company","Nonprofit organizations--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal aid to nonprofit organizations--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal aid to housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Subsidies--Georgia--Atlanta","Old age homes--Georgia--Atlanta","Student movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Wheat Street Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)","Theology, Practical--Georgia--Atlanta","Auburn Avenue (Atlanta, Ga.)","Politics, Practical--Georgia--Atlanta","Love, Law, and Liberation Movement (Atlanta, Ga.)","Ordinances, Municipal--Georgia--Atlanta","Wheat Street Baptist Church Credit Union (Atlanta, Ga.)","Jet, Banks, and Russell","Wheat Street Towers (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["William Holmes Borders"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/william-holmes-borders-1905-1993/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993","Hartsfield, William Berry","Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993. Seven minutes at the mike in the Deep South"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_william-g-anderson-b-1927","title":"William G. Anderson (b. 1927)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["Philippines, 13.40882, 122.56155","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997","United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Sumter County, Americus, 32.07239, -84.23269","United States, Iowa, Polk County, 41.6855, -93.57353","United States, Iowa, Polk County, Des Moines, 41.60054, -93.60911","United States, Michigan, Wayne County, Detroit, 42.33143, -83.04575","United States, Missouri, Adair County, Kirksville, 40.19475, -92.58325"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2007-11-29"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about William Gilchrist Anderson, who received national attention during the early 1960s as the president of the Albany Movement. Thereafter, he distinguished himself as an osteopathic physician, surgeon, educator, and hospital administrator. Born in Americus on December 12, 1927, to Emma Jean Gilchrist and John Daniel Anderson Sr., Anderson enrolled at Fort Valley State College (later Fort Valley State University), where he pursued a premedical course of study. His education was interrupted in 1944 when, at the age of seventeen, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy in the midst of World War II; he was eventually assigned to a company stationed in the Philippines and was selected to join the navy's Hospital Corpsmen. After the war ended, Anderson graduated from the Atlanta College of Mortuary Science and worked briefly at a black funeral home in Montgomery, Alabama. Later after a visit to the Albany office of physician Willie Joe Reese, Anderson decided to pursue a career in osteopathy.With Reese's assistance, Anderson was admitted to the Des Moines Still College of Osteopathy in Iowa and completed his degree in 1956.","He interned at the prestigious Flint Osteopathic Hospital in Michigan, returning to Georgia afterwards to set up his medical practice in Albany. There Anderson joined a small but close-knit community of black professionals, most of whom belonged to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Urban League, or the Criterion Club, a local civic organization. The arrival of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) activists in the fall of 1961 inspired Albany's black residents to press more aggressively for racial reform. The city's black leaders formed the Albany Movement in mid-November, and they selected Anderson as their president because he was relatively new to town and largely insulated from white economic reprisals by his private practice. As tensions escalated he became convinced that local leaders lacked the financial and organizational resources to mount a successful protest. In order to shore up the movement's weaknesses, Anderson invited his old friends Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy to lead demonstrations in Albany. Although many observers deemed the Albany Movement unsuccessful, subsequent appraisals have credited the movement with increasing the number of registered black voters, inspiring protest in neighboring communities, and hastening the ultimate desegregation of Albany's public facilities, which occurred only one year following the movement's conclusion. Following the Albany Movement's dissolution in 1962, Anderson accepted an appointment as house physician at Art Centre Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. In 1964 he became the first black surgical resident in Detroit's history, and thereafter conducted a group surgical practice in the city until 1984. During this period he remained active in the civil rights movement, serving as a member on the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's board of directors, among other capacities.","In the years that followed, Anderson accepted a variety of administrative and educational positions in the medical profession including service within the American Osteopathic Association (including becoming the first African American president of the AOA in 1994), as a clinical professor of surgery at the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific (later Western University of Health Sciences) in California, as an associate clinical professor at the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, and as associate dean of the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine in Missouri.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American physicians--Georgia--Albany","African American physicians--Michigan--Detroit","African American educators","African American surgeons","Osteopathic physicians--United States","Osteopathic physicians--Georgia","Physicians--Georgia--Albany","Physicians--Michigan--Detroit","Physicians--United States","Surgeons--United States","Educators--United States","Medical offices--Georgia--Albany","Medical offices--Michigan--Detroit","African American business enterprises--Georgia--Albany","Drugstores--Georgia--Albany","Fort Valley State College (Ga.)","United States. Navy","United States. Navy. Hospital Corps","Sailors--United States","African American sailors--United States","African American sailors--Philippines","Sailors--Philippines","United States. Navy--Medical care","Atlanta College of Mortuary Science","Undertakers and undertaking--Georgia--Atlanta","Undertakers and undertaking--Alabama--Montgomery","Still College of Osteopathy","Flint Osteopathic Hospital (Mich.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Urban League of Albany (Ga.)","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","American Osteopathic Association","College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific","Michigan State University. College of Osteopathic Medicine","Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine","Civil rights--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights--United States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Albany","Bus terminals--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights workers--United States","Civic leaders--Georgia--Albany","Civic leaders--United States","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","African American civic leaders--Georgia--Albany","African American political activists--Georgia--Albany","Political activists--Georgia--Albany","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Albany","Political participation--Georgia--Albany","African Americans--Politics and government","Direct action--Georgia--Albany","Protest marches--Georgia--Albany","Nonviolence--Georgia--Albany","Voter registration--Georgia--Albany","Voting--Georgia--Albany","Suffrage--Georgia--Albany","Segregation in education--Georgia--Albany","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Albany","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Albany","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Albany","Race discrimination--Georgia--Albany","Race relations","Albany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Albany (Ga.)--History--20th century","Albany (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","High school teachers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American teachers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American disc jockeys--Georgia-Atlanta","Disc jockeys--Georgia--Atlanta","African American professional employees--United States","African American professional employees--Georgia--Albany","Professional employees--United States","Professional employees--Georgia--Albany","Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)","Harlem Cut-Rate Drugs (Albany, Ga.)","World War, 1939-1945--African Americans","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Philippines","World War, 1939-1945--Medical care","Criterion Club (Albany, Ga.)","Art Centre Hospital (Detroit, Mich.)"],"dcterms_title":["William G. Anderson (b. 1927)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/william-g-anderson-b-1927/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Anderson, William G., 1927-","Anderson, Norma L. (Norma Lee)","Reese, Willie Joe","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_christian-methodist-episcopal-church-cme-church","title":"Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (CME Church)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2007-11-08"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (CME Church), formerly the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, which is a historically African American denomination with more than 800,000 members in the United States. Formed in 1870 in Jackson, Tennessee, as a separate black denomination by the Methodist Episcopal Church South, the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church was the first African American denomination established in the South. In 1956 the name change to the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church not only signaled the church's repudiation of Jim Crow-era racial subordination but also highlighted a more ecumenical emphasis on religious, rather than racial, identity.Thereafter, the church became more active in the civil rights movement.Church polity and theology are consistent with other major American Methodist denominations, and the church participates in such ecumenical organizations as the National Council of Churches. The CME Church supports four colleges, including Paine College in Augusta, Georgia, and maintains missions in Ghana, Haiti, Jamaica, Liberia, and Nigeria.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Christian Methodist Episcopal Church","Christian Methodist Episcopal Church--Political activity","African American churches","Churches--United States","African Americans--Religion","African American universities and colleges","African American universities and colleges--Georgia--Augusta","Universities and colleges--United States","Universities and colleges--Georgia--Augusta","Paine College","National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America","Methodist Church--United States","Methodists--United States","African American Methodists","Ecumenical movement--United States","Interdenominational cooperation--United States","Church--Unity","Social problems--United States","Social justice--United States","Social action--United States","Political participation--United States","African Americans--Politics and government","Social participation--United States","Community life--United States","United States--Politics and government--20th century","United States--Social conditions--20th century","United States--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Civil rights--United States","Civil rights--Georgia","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia","Church work--United States","Politics, Practical--United States","Theology, Practical--United States"],"dcterms_title":["Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (CME Church)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/christian-methodist-episcopal-church-cme-church/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","Johnson, Joseph A.","Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith, 1941-1967"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_freedom-singers","title":"Freedom Singers","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2007-11-02"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Freedom Singers from Albany, Georgia, who performed during the early 1960s throughout the country to raise funds for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and to inform audiences about the grassroots organizing campaigns expanding in communities across the South.","Southern civil rights protest was commonly accompanied by the music of the black choral tradition, perhaps because it originated in the black church where congregational singing had traditionally formed an essential part of worship. Most freedom songs were common hymns or spirituals familiar to the southern black community; the lyrics were often modified to reflect the political aims of the civil rights movement. The Freedom Singers formed in December 1962 under the leadership of SNCC field secretary Cordell Reagon, a veteran of the sit-in movement in Nashville, Tennessee, where music played a similarly important role. With the help of Albany natives Rutha Mae Harris and Bernice Johnson, whom he later married, and Charles Neblett, a veteran of civil rights demonstrations in Cairo, Illinois who was recruited by Reagon for the group, the four performers left Albany to tour the country in support of civil rights and the goals of SNCC. Over the next nine months, the group traveled 50,000 miles through forty states in a Buick station wagon, playing at colleges, elementary and high schools, concert halls, living rooms, jails, political rallies, and the March on Washington in August 1963. Although the original Freedom Singers disbanded after recording an album in 1963, later incarnations continued to perform under the same name. Bernice Johnson Reagon later enjoyed success as a founding member of Atlanta's Harambee Singers and as the organizer and founder of the critically acclaimed singing group Sweet Honey in the Rock. In 1995 Rutha Mae Harris formed the Albany Civil Rights Museum Freedom Singers, who perform once a month at the museum.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Singers (Musical group : Albany, Ga.)","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)","Civil rights--Georgia","Civil rights--United States","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia","Race relations","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","United States--Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Music","African Americans--Songs and music","African American singers--Georgia","Singers--Georgia","Singers--United States","Choirs (Music)--Georgia","Vocal groups--Georgia","Vocal groups--United States","Civil rights movements--Georgia","Civil rights movements--United States","Civil rights workers--Georgia","Civil rights workers--United States","African American civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers--Georgia","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia","Civil rights demonstrations--United States","March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Washington, D.C., 1963","African American political activists--Georgia","African Americans--Political activity","Political participation--Georgia","Political participation--United States","Fund raising--Georgia","Fund raising--United States","Georgia--Politics and government--20th century","Georgia--History--20th century","Social change--United States","Protest songs--United States","Religion and politics--United States","Spirituals (Songs)--United States","Spirituals (Songs)--Georgia","Hymns, English--Southern States","Harambee Singers","Sweet Honey in the Rock (Musical group)","Albany Civil Rights Movement Museum Freedom Singers"],"dcterms_title":["Freedom Singers"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/freedom-singers/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Harris, Rutha Mae","Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 1942-","Reagon, Cordell Hull, 1943-1996","Neblett, Charles Delbert, 1941-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_southern-regional-council","title":"Southern Regional Council","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Patton, Randall L."],"dc_date":["2007-10-12"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about The Southern Regional Council (SRC), a reform-oriented organization whose headquarters are in Atlanta. The SRC is considered the successor organization to the Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), with which it merged in 1944, and thus traces its history back to 1919. During the late 1940s and 1950s, the SRC was unique in its focus on interracial cooperation and struggled against massive resistance in the South. The organization continues to promote voter registration, political awareness, and racial equality.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","Passive resistance"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Southern Regional Council","Commission on Interracial Cooperation","Liberals--Southern States","Social problems--Southern States","Social reformers--Southern States","African American social reformers--Southern States","Race relations","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Southern States--Politics and government--20th century","Southern States--History--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Economic conditions--20th century","Passive resistance--Southern States","Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African American civil rights workers--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Voter registration--Southern States","Political participation--Southern States","African American political activists--Southern States","Political activists--Southern States","Equality--Southern States","Liberty","Justice","Fairness","Conduct of life","African Americans--Politics and government","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Economic conditions--20th century","Community life--Southern States","Poor--Southern States","Poor African Americans--Southern States","Social justice--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Law and legislation--Southern States","Discrimination--Southern States","Race discrimination--Southern States","Sociologists--Southern States","Regional planning--Southern States","Land use--Planning","Economic development--Southern States","Economic development--Social aspects--Southern States","Regionalism--United States","Southern States--Civilization","Economic policy","Southern States--Economic policy","Social policy","Southern States--Social policy","Interpersonal relations--Southern States","Citizens' advisory committees--Southern States","Citizens' advisory committees in education--Georgia","School closings--Georgia","Education--Georgia","Education--Southern States","Segregation in education--Georgia","Segregation in education--Southern States","Georgia Council on Human Relations","Help our public education","Congress of Racial Equality","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","New South","Southern changes","Lillian Smith Book Award","Voting--Southern States","Suffrage--Southern States","Politics, Practical--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Southern Regional Council"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/southern-regional-council/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Odum, Howard Washington, 1884-1954","Johnson, Guy Benton, 1901-1991","Hancock, Gordon Blaine, 1884-1970","Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_bus-desegregation-in-atlanta","title":"Bus desegregation in Atlanta","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2007-10-05"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the process and activity which led to bus desegregation in Atlanta, Georgia. In January 1957, following the successful bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama (1955-56), a group of black ministers launched the \"Love, Law, and Liberation\" movement to desegregate Atlanta's city buses. Under the leadership of the Reverend William Holmes Borders, the ministers staged a violation of the state law requiring segregation on common carriers, thereby securing the grounds for a legal challenge to Georgia's Jim Crow system. Two years later, in January 1959, a federal district court ruled in favor of the ministers, ending more than six decades of segregation on Atlanta's city buses.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Atlanta (Ga.). 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He then withdrew from regular service to continue his education at Lane College, an all-black school in Jackson, Tennessee, where he excelled in the classroom and on the athletic field as a three-sport athlete. Hollowell was recalled to active service in 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which resulted in the United States entering World War II. Hollowell was stationed at Fort Benning before deployment overseas and then transferred to the European theater, where he again served with distinction, rising to the rank of captain by war's end. After the war, he enrolled in law school at Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, earning a law degree in 1951. He moved to Atlanta where he established a law practice and soon became active in the civil rights movement in Georgia. In 2000 the Donald L. Hollowell Foundation was established to assist with the educational and social needs of children and seniors in Georgia. Hollowell died in Atlanta on December 27, 2004.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Lawyers--Georgia","African American lawyers--Georgia","University of Georgia","United States. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission","Depressions--1929--Kansas","African American soldiers","Lane College","African American universities and colleges--Tennessee--Jackson","Fort Benning (Ga.)","United States. Army. 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