{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_lugenia-burns-hope-1871-1947","title":"Lugenia Burns Hope (1871-1947)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Cardoza-Oquendo, Juan"],"dc_date":["2010-01-08"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Lugenia Burns Hope. Hope was an early-twentieth-century social activist, reformer, and community organizer. Spending most of her career in Atlanta, Georgia, she worked for the improvement of black communities through traditional social work, community health campaigns, and political pressure for better education and infrastructure.","GSE identifier: SS8H7"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Women civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Women in community organization--Georgia--Atlanta","Women political activists--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["Lugenia Burns Hope (1871-1947)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/lugenia-burns-hope-1871-1947/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"ARTICLE TITLE,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Hope, Lugenia Burns"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_lvhunter","title":"Charlayne Hunter-Gault","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":["Image from Charlayne Hunter-Gault"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["2010/2020"],"dcterms_description":["The journalist Charlayne Hunter-Gault became a CNN correspondent in 1999, reporting from South Africa. Today, she is CNN's Johannesburg, South Africa, bureau chief.","Photograph of the journalist Charlayne Hunter-Gault.","Hunter-Gault became a CNN correspondent in 1999, reporting from South Africa. Today, she is CNN's Johannesburg, South Africa, bureau chief. She holds a place in Georgia civil rights history as one of the first two African American students admitted to the University of Georgia. Also known for her career as an award-winning journalist, Hunter-Gault is respected for her work on television and in print."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Journalists--United States","African American journalists","Women journalists--United States","African American women journalists","Women--United States","African American women","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil rights--United States"],"dcterms_title":["Charlayne Hunter-Gault"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/charlayne-hunter-gault-b-1942/lvhunter/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Hunter-Gault, Charlayne"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_latino-immigration","title":"Latino Immigration","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Olsson, Tore C."],"dc_date":["2009-09-25"],"dcterms_description":["GSE identifier: SS8H12"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia"],"dcterms_subject":["Archaeology--Georgia","History","Arts--Georgia","Culture","Business--Georgia","Economy--Georgia","Cities and towns--Georgia","Neighborhoods--Georgia","Counties--Georgia","Education--Georgia","Geography--Georgia","Political science--Georgia","Science--Georgia","Medicine--Georgia","Sports--Georgia","Outdoor recreation--Georgia","Human beings--Georgia","Civil rights--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Latino Immigration"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/latino-immigration/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_angelo-herndon-case","title":"Angelo Herndon case","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2009-08-14"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Angelo Herndon case. An African American member of the Communist Party, Angelo Herndon won national and international fame as a symbol of political justice after his arrest and subsequent conviction by Fulton County authorities on charges of attempting to incite insurrection in July 1932. Herndon's case traveled a circular route through Georgia's judicial system, appearing twice before the U.S. Supreme Court, which ultimately granted Herndon his freedom in April 1937.","GSE identifier: SS8H8, SS8H8"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Communists--Georgia","African American communists--Georgia","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Angelo Herndon case"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/angelo-herndon-case/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"ARTICLE TITLE,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Herndon, Angelo, 1913-1997"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_earl-t-shinhoster-1950-2000","title":"Earl T. Shinhoster (1950-2000)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, DeKalb County, Decatur, 33.77483, -84.29631"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2009-06-05"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Earl T. Shinhoster. 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The Decatur, Georgia resident was, according to the NAACP's former executive director Kweisi Mfume, \"one of the NAACP leaders who made this organization work.\"","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","African American civic leaders--Georgia","Civil rights--Georgia","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Earl T. Shinhoster (1950-2000)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/earl-t-shinhoster-1950-2000/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"ARTICLE TITLE,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Shinhoster, Earl T. (Earl Theodore), 1950-2000"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_robert-sengstacke-abbott-1868-1940","title":"Robert Sengstacke Abbott (1868-1940)","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983","United States, Georgia, Glynn County, Saint Simons Island, 31.15051, -81.36954","United States, Illinois, Cook County, Chicago, 41.85003, -87.65005"],"dcterms_creator":["Davis, Pablo J."],"dc_date":["2008-09-19"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Georgia native Robert Sengstacke Abbott who founded, edited, and published the Chicago Defender, for decades the country's dominant African American newspaper. Through the pages of the Defender, Abbott exercised enormous influence on the rise of the black community in Chicago, Illinois, and on national African American culture.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American newspaper editors--Illinois--Chicago","Chicago defender","African American newspapers--Illinois--Chicago","African American civic leaders--Illinois--Chicago","Civic leaders--Illinois--Chicago","African American boys--Georgia--Savannah","African American lawyers--Illinois--Chicago","Civil rights movements--Illinois--Chicago"],"dcterms_title":["Robert Sengstacke Abbott (1868-1940)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/robert-sengstacke-abbott-1868-1940/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Abbott, Robert S. (Robert Sengstacke), 1868-1940"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_atlanta-sit-ins","title":"Atlanta sit-ins","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2008-05-28"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Civil Rights movement phenomena of \"sit-ins\" in Atlanta, Georgia. Students from Atlanta's historically black colleges formed the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR)in March 1960. The COAHR worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to compel local restaurants and hotels to desegregate. The efforts met with limited success until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Sit-ins--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstration--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations","Committee on Appeal for Human Rights","African American college students--Georgia--Atlanta","College students--Georgia--Atlanta","Social integration--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Central business districts--Georgia--Atlanta","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Direct action--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["Atlanta sit-ins"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/atlanta-sit-ins/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_desegregation-of-higher-education","title":"Desegregation of higher education","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2008-05-28"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the desegregation of universities and colleges in Georgia, beginning with the University of Georgia in 1961. Under court order, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter began attending the University of Georgia on January 9, 1961. One of their lawyers, Horace T. Ward, had unsuccessfully tried to apply to the University of Georgia Law School in the 1950s. Georgia Institute of Technology voluntarily integrated in August 1961. Two of the state's private schools, Emory University in Atlanta and Mercer University in Macon, integrated in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Other Georgia institutions, including Berry College in Rome and Fort Valley State College, are also discussed.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in higher education--Georgia","Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Race discrimination--Georgia","African American college students--Georgia","College students--Georgia","Universities and colleges--Georgia","University of Georgia","Emory University","Georgia Institute of Technology","Mercer University","Georgia State University"],"dcterms_title":["Desegregation of higher education"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/desegregation-of-higher-education/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_freedom-rides","title":"Freedom Rides","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Calhoun County, 33.77143, -85.82603","United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, 33.55431, -86.89649","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Georgia, Bibb County, 32.80659, -83.69776","United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, 31.53337, -84.21625","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Lowndes County, 30.83386, -83.26771","United States, Georgia, Richmond County, 33.35963, -82.07355","United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484","United States, Georgia, Thomas County, 30.86368, -83.91931","United States, Georgia, Thomas County, Thomasville, 30.83658, -83.97878","United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, 32.2667, -90.44282","United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032","United States, South Carolina, York County, 34.97475, -81.18442","United States, South Carolina, York County, Rock Hill, 34.92487, -81.02508","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434","United States, Tennessee, Davidson County, 36.17069, -86.77753","United States, Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, 36.16589, -86.78444","United States, Virginia, 37.54812, -77.44675"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2008-04-11"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Freedom Rides organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in the spring and summer of 1961. CORE sponsored a series of integrated bus rides throughout the South to test compliance with recent court rulings banning segregation in interstate travel. Subsequently known as the Freedom Rides, the protests garnered national support for civil reforms and forced the federal government's involvement in African Americans' struggle for freedom. Although Freedom Riders traveled unmolested through Georgia and were served courteously at several lunch counters throughout the state, they met with violent resistance elsewhere in the region, especially in Alabama. In the aftermath of Montgomery's violence, media attention increased, forcing the Kennedy administration to take a definitive position in defense of civil rights.","The administration announced on May 29, 1961, that it had instructed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to ban segregation in all facilities under its jurisdiction. After months of delay, the ICC officially ruled segregation in interstate travel illegal on November 1, 1961.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Congress of Racial Equality","Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Buses--Southern States","Bus terminals--Southern States","Bus lines--Southern States","Trailways","Greyhound Lines","Railroads--Southern States","Railroad stations--Southern States","Railroad travel--Southern States","African Americans--Travel--Southern States","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregationists--Southern States","Compliance","Discrimination--Southern States","Race discrimination--Southern States","Race relations","Southern States--Race relations","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Restaurants--Southern States","Interstate commerce--Southern States","Federal-state controversies--Southern States","Intervention (Federal government)--Southern States","Intimidation--Southern States","Mobs--Southern States","Riots--Southern States","Race riots--Southern States","Racism--Southern States","White supremacy movements--Southern States","Violence--Southern States","Social justice--Southern States","African Americans--Crimes against--Southern States","Offenses against the person--Southern States","Offenses against the person--South Carolina--Rock Hill","Offenses against the person--Alabama--Birmingham","Offenses against the person--Alabama--Montgomery","Southern States--Politics and government--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--History--20th century","Jails--Southern States","Imprisonment--Southern States","Arrest--Southern States","Police--Southern States","Police chiefs--Southern States","Direct action--Southern States","Nonviolence--Southern States","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )","Assault and battery--South Carolina--Rock Hill","Assault and battery--Alabama--Birmingham","Assault and battery--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Violence against","Civil rights workers--Violence against","Incendiary bombs--Alabama--Anniston","Bombings--Alabama--Anniston","United States. Interstate Commerce Commission","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Albany","Demonstrations--Georgia--Albany","Government, Resistance to--Southern States","Freedom Rides, 1961","Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["Freedom Rides"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/freedom-rides/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Farmer, James L., Jr. (James Leonard), 1920-1999","Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973","Bigelow, Albert, 1906-1993","Lewis, John, 1940-2020","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Booker, Simeon, 1918-2017","Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_americus-movement","title":"Americus Movement","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Lee County, 31.77951, -84.14113","United States, Georgia, Sumter County, Americus, 32.07239, -84.23269"],"dcterms_creator":["Robins, Glenn"],"dc_date":["2008-02-29"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Americus Movement which provided leadership for civil rights activism in Americus, a small town in Sumter County located some thirty miles north of Albany in the southwestern portion of Georgia. When the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) targeted the area as part of a voter registration and citizenship education plan, the outsiders discovered a committed group of local activists working through an organization called the Sumter County Movement. Three phases marked the movement between 1963 and 1965: 1) Learning phase: In July 1963 fewer than a dozen activists began the first marches, with the number of protesters growing to more than 250 and arrests becoming widespread.2)Attempting to integrate the Americus public schools: Although four African American students entered Americus High School in the fall of 1964 under the Freedom of Choice Plan, all but one female student had withdrawn after four months due to constant harassment.Put in jail during exam week, Americus officials ultimately released her and allowed her to take her exams on the condition that she leave the state for the summer of 1965. 3) Registering African American voters and continuing school integration efforts: Americus officials arrested four black women for voting in the white women's voting line during a 1965 Americus election.In July 1965, Hosea Williams of the SCLC and SNCC, under the direction of John Lewis, joined forces with members of the local movement and filled the streets of Americus with more than 600 estimated marchers. The Voting Rights Act was signed into law in early August, and before the end of the year more than 2,000 African Americans had registered to vote in Sumter County. 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