{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_lewis","title":"Testimony from Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton et al. v. Honorable George C. Wallace, Governor of Alabama et al.","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Dallas County, 32.32597, -87.10648","United States, Alabama, Dallas County, Selma, 32.40736, -87.0211","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["United States.  District Court (Alabama : Middle District)"],"dc_date":["1965"],"dcterms_description":["Cover of the second of three volumes of testimony plus pages 288 to 303 and pages 338 to 346 before Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. pertaining to the march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama in support of voting rights in 1965. Included are the testimonies of Martin Luther King, Jr., Hosea Williams, Amelia Boynton, and John Lewis, among others.","A class action suit brought by Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton against Governor George C. Wallace and the State of Alabama concerning the protection of marchers as they walked from Selma to Montgomery on behalf of Negro voter registration in Alabama. The march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965 was a pivotal event in the history of the Civil Rights Movement."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685 - 2004, Civil Case Files, Testimony from Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton et al. v. Honorable George C. Wallace, Governor of Alabama et al., National Archives at Atlanta."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Selma","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Selma","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Selma","Courthouses--Alabama--Montgomery","Police brutality--Alabama--Selma","Selma to Montgomery Rights March (1965 : Selma, Ala.)","Trials--Alabama--Montgomery"],"dcterms_title":["Testimony from Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton et al. v. Honorable George C. Wallace, Governor of Alabama et al."],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://catalog.archives.gov/id/279204"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records","testimonies"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Johnson, Frank Minis, 1918-1999","Lewis, John, 1940-2020--Trials, litigation, etc.","Williams, Hosea, 1926- --Trials, litigation, etc.","Robinson, Amelia Boynton, 1911- --Trials, litigation, etc.","Wallace, George C. (George Corley), 1919-1998--Trials, litigation, etc.","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_279200","title":"Ollie McClung vs. Robert Kennedy, Attorney General","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Alabama : Northern District : Birmingham Division)"],"dc_date":["1964"],"dcterms_description":["This document consists of the proceedings from the case, which was heard by a three judge panel: Judges Walter P. Gewin (5th Circuit Court of Appeals), Seybourn H. Lynne and H. Hobart Grooms (Northern District of Alabama). The case concerns African-Americans requesting service in a restaurant location other than the \"colored take-out counter.\""],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["National Archives Identifier: 279200"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of the District Courts of the United States, 1685-2009, Civil Case Files, Ollie McClung vs Robert Kennedy, Attorny General of the United States, et. al., Civil 64-448, 1964 - 1964, National Archives at Atlanta."],"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination in restaurants","Segregation"],"dcterms_title":["Ollie McClung vs. Robert Kennedy, Attorney General"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://catalog.archives.gov/id/279200"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records","testimonies"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":"Federal Court Reporting Company\r\n 409 Federal Building\r\n    Birmingham, Alabama                                                          1\r\n\r\n IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN\r\n DISTRICT OF ALABAMA, SOUTHERN DIVISION\r\n\r\n OLLIE MC CLUNG,  SR.,  and                      )\r\n OLLIE MC CLUNG,  JR.,                               )\r\n\r\n Plaintiffs,\r\n\r\nvs.\r\n\r\n  ROBERT F. KENNEDY, AS                                                                   CIVIL ACTION\r\n ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE                                                             NO.  64-448-S\r\n UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;                                                     \r\n MACON L. WEAVER, AS UNITED                                                          [stamp]   FILED IN CLERK'S OFFICE\r\n STATES ATTORNEY FOR THE                                                               NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA \r\n NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA;                        \r\n JOHN DOE AND RUTH ROE,  Whose                                                SEP  17  1964\r\n Names Are Otherwise Unknown,                                                         [ SIGNATURE]\r\n but Will be Added by amendment                                                         WILLIAM E. DAVIS\r\nWhen Ascertained,                                                                                 CLERK, U. S. DISTRICT COURT   \r\n                                                                                                               [ SIGNATURE]\r\n Defendants.                                                                                            Deputy Clerk\r\n\r\n                                                                                                                Birmingham, Alabama\r\n                                                                                                                 September 1, 1964\r\n\r\n BEFORE:\r\n\r\n HONORABLE WALTER P. GEWIN\r\n HONORABLE SEYBOURN H. LYNNE    \r\n HONORABLE H. HOBART GROOMS\r\n\r\n APPEARANCES:\r\n\r\n MESSRS. ROBERT MC DAVID SMITH and  WILLIAM C. SOMERVILLE, JR.,  of the firm of Lange, Simpson, Robinson \u0026 Somerville, Exchange-Security Bank Building, Birmingham, Alabama, and MR. JAMES H. FAULKNER, of the firm of Bowers, Dixon, Dunn \u0026 McDowell, Frank Nelson Building, Birmingham, Alabama, for the plaintiffs.\r\nFederal Court Reporting Company\r\n 409 Federal Building\r\n    Birmingham, Alabama                                                          60\r\n\r\n DIRECT EXAMINATION\r\n\r\n Q   (BY MR. SMITH:) Is this Mr. Ollie McClung, Jr.?\r\n\r\n A     That is correct.\r\n\r\n Q      You live in Birmingham?\r\n\r\n A     That is correct.\r\n\r\n Q     This restaurant that you and your father operate as a partnership, that is in Birmingham?\r\n\r\n A       Yes, sir.\r\n\r\n Q      Do you recall the occasion sometime about July 3, 1964, when you were at the restaurant and some colored people came into the restaurant for service?\r\n\r\n A       Yes, sir, I do.\r\n\r\n Q      Will you tell the Court about that, please?   \r\n\r\n A       This is during our evening meal, the supper hour, I don't remember the exact time but approximately 6:30 we were relatively busy and too young colored people came in, approximately tolerates, a girl and a boy. I retract that. A boy came in by himself first. He came up to the counter and told the girl waiting on the counter that night, she asked him what he would like and he would not give her his order but want to speak with the manager, and I was there at the time and she called me over. He asked me would I serve him\r\nFederal Court Reporting Company\r\n 409 Federal Building\r\n    Birmingham, Alabama                                         61\r\n\r\n and I said if he would step around to the side where the color takeout counter was the girl would take his order. He seemed actually not to be interested in being served because he never even sat down he tapped on the counter and asked that he be served here, right at the counter, sit down and eat, and I said, no, that was not our policy and he left.\r\n        Approximately forty-five minutes later he came back this time with the young girl that I mentioned for other colored people, older.   They again — they didn't ask anything but rather came in and sat at the counter. Even though it was rather obvious he was aware that the policy was, they came in and sat at the counter and one white young person was sitting at the counter a boy, and he got up and left the minute they sat down and I went over to them, the girl and the boy were obviously part of the professional or paid Civil  Rights agitators -\r\n\r\n Q      You can't tell about that. Anything you saw or heard.\r\n\r\n A      They had a card and they wanted to know why we did not serve them and this sort of thing, and they fill out the card and wanted to know my name and\r\nFederal Court Reporting Company\r\n 409 Federal Building\r\n    Birmingham, Alabama                                                          62\r\n\r\n address of the place.\r\n\r\n Q     They were taking notes with pen and pencil?\r\n\r\nA        Yes, sir, that is correct. And after a couple of minutes I told him that I was very sorry that they would have to leave, that it was in our policy to serve them there and they got up and left.\r\n\r\n Q      And there was no threatening on either side?\r\n\r\n A       That is correct, they got up and left.\r\n\r\nQ         What has been the behavior and demeanor of your employees since July 2nd? Has it been good or bad or indifferent?\r\n\r\n A        For the most part I can tell it is greatly changed or different.\r\n\r\nQ          Has there been any change since this suit was filed?\r\n\r\nA          Not that I can tell, no, sir.\r\n\r\n Q         What number of your thirty-six employees are colored people?  \r\n\r\nA           About twenty-five or twenty-six are colored.\r\n\r\nQ          Have you noticed any change in them at all as a result of this case?\r\n\r\n A          No, I haven't.\r\n\r\n MR. SMITH:   I believe that's all."},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_279275","title":"Opinion from George Willis, Jr., et al. vs. the Pickrick Restaurant and Lester Maddox","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Georgia : Northern District : Atlanta Division)"],"dc_date":["1964"],"dcterms_description":["This opinion relates to a suit filed by George Willis, Jr., Woodrow T. Lewis, and Albert L. Dunn v. the Pickrick Restaurant, a corporation, and Lester G. Maddox. The suit sought an injunction restraining the defendants from violating the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by refusing to admit and serve African-Americans on the same basis as non African-Americans. The case was heard before United States Circuit Judge Elbert P. Tuttle, and United States District Judges Frank A. Hooper and Lewis R. Morgan, with a resulting injunction issued against the defendants."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Civil Case Files ; George Willis, Jr. vs the Pickrick Restaurant, Civil 9028, Series: Civil Case Files, 8/1955 - 4/1/1968, Record Group 21: Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685 - 2009"],"dcterms_subject":["Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Pickrick (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["Opinion from George Willis, Jr., et al. vs. the Pickrick Restaurant and Lester Maddox"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://catalog.archives.gov/id/279275"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003--Trials, litigation, etc.","Briggs, Fred, 1932- --Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_731721","title":"Telegram from James Meredith to Robert Ellis, Registrar of the University of Mississippi","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Lafayette County, Oxford, 34.3665, -89.51925"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Mississippi : Southern District : Jackson Division)"],"dc_date":["1962"],"dcterms_description":["In this telegram sent to Robert Ellis, Registrar of the University of Mississippi, James Meredith states his intention \"to enroll in September.\""],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["National Archives Identifier: 731721"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of the District Courts of the United States, 1685-2009, Civil Case Files, James H. Meredith, et al. v. Charles Dickson Fair, President of the Board of Trustees of State Institutions of Higher Learning, 1938 - 1995, National Archives at Atlanta."],"dcterms_subject":["University of Mississippi","College integration--Mississippi--Oxford","Segregation in education--Mississippi--Oxford"],"dcterms_title":["Telegram from James Meredith to Robert Ellis, Registrar of the University of Mississippi"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://catalog.archives.gov/id/731721"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records","testimonies"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Meredith, James, 1933-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":"JAMES HOWARD MEREDITH,\r\nplaintiff, having been first duly sworn, as above noted, was called as\r\nan adverse witness by the Defendants and, as such, was cross-\r\nexamined and testified, as follows:\r\n\r\nBY COUNSEL SHANDS:\r\n    Q. James, are you James H. Meredith?\r\n    A. That is right.\r\n    Q. Speak loud enough, James, so they can hear you. What\r\nwas your answer?\r\n    A. Yes.\r\n    Q. Are you the plaintiff in this lawsuit?\r\n    A. That is right, sir.\r\n    Q. James, do you understand what your function as a witness \r\nis in this lawsuit, as a party plaintiff?\r\n    A. Probably I don't; I don't understand the question.\r\n    Q. Do you understand that it is your duty as a witness to \r\nanswer the questions that are asked you? Do you understand that?\r\n    A. Yes, sir.\r\n    Q. Do you understate that your answers are to be responsive\r\n to the questions that I ask you?\r\n    A.  Right, Sir.\r\n    Q. What is that?\r\n    A. Yes, sir.\r\n    Q. What is your understanding of what \"responsive\" is?\r\n    A. That is to be a direct answer to the question asked.\r\nQuestion- Without rambling around?\r\nAnswer- That is right.\r\nQuestion- Or making speeches?\r\nAnswer- That is right, sir.\r\nQuestion- Do you understand that you are here under oath to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth?\r\nAnswer- Yes, sir.\r\nQuestion- Do you understand that that carries to every bit of your testimony?\r\nAnswer- I do.\r\nQuestion- James, when did you first see this complaint? Do you know what a complaint is?\r\nAnswer- I assume you are talking about the--\r\nQuestion- --You read it, didn't you?\r\nAnswer- Yes.\r\nQuestion- When did you first see that?\r\nAnswer- You mean the one you have?\r\nQuestion- The one you filed?\r\nAnswer- You want the exact date?\r\nQuestion- I want the date.\r\nAnswer- Let's see. The day before it was filed.\r\nQuestion- The day before it was filed?\r\nAnswer- Yes.\r\nQuestion- Who prepared it?\r\nAnswer- Mrs. Motley.\r\nDefendants 7                                                                                       Defendants 28\r\n                               \r\n\r\nUNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\r\n\r\nSOUTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI\r\n\r\nJACKSON DIVISION\r\n\r\nCivil Action No. 3,130\r\n\r\n          JAMES HOWARD MEREDITH, on Behalf of\r\n               Himself and Others Similarly Situated,          Plaintiff\r\n\r\n         v.\r\n\r\n         CHARLES DICKSON FAIR, President of the\r\n             Board of Trustees of State Institutions\r\n             of Higher Learning of the State of\r\n             Mississippi, Louisville, Mississippi, et al,  Defendants\r\n\r\n                                     DEPOSITION OF\r\n                            \r\n                                   JAMES HOWARD MEREDITH\r\n\r\nTaken by Defendants\r\nMeridian, Mississippi\r\nJune 8, 1961\r\n\r\n\r\n                                                              E. A. Knight\r\n                                                              Official Reporter\r\n                                                          STATE OIL \u0026 GAS BOARD\r\n                                                          Box 1711, Jackson, Mississippi\r\nWESTERN UNION\r\nTELEGRAM\r\n\r\nOX2 NL  PD=GARY  IND  10=\r\nROBERT B. ELLIS=\r\n\r\nI PLAN TO ENROLL IN SEPT. PLEASE ADVISE WHEN TO REPORT\r\nFOR REGISTRATION=\r\n\r\nJ H MEREDITH\r\n351 EAST SOUTH ST KOSCIUSKO  MISS=    321a="},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_2612100","title":"W. G. Anderson, Elijah Harris, Slater King, Emanuel Jackson, and Martin Luther King, Jr. v. The City of Albany, Asa D. Kelley, Jr., Mayor the City of Albany, et al.","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Georgia : Middle District : Albany Division)"],"dc_date":["1962"],"dcterms_description":["This case relates to the historical events surrounding the \"Albany Movement.\" Civil rights leaders in Albany, Georgia, tried to mobilize to protest local segregation practices and were confronted by the mayor and police chief. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. went to Albany, preached, was involved in the meetings and was arrested."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["National Archives Identifier: 2612100"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of the District Courts of the United States, 1685-2009, Civil Case Files, National Archives at Atlanta."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","Boycotts--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","Injunctions--Georgia--Albany","Mayors--Georgia--Albany","Parades--Georgia--Albany","Passive resistance--Georgia--Albany","Picketing--Georgia--Albany","Restraining orders--Georgia--Albany","Segregation--Georgia--Albany","Equality before the law--United States","Albany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Albany (Ga.). Board of Commissioners","Albany Movement (Albany, Ga.)--Trials, litigation, etc.","Congress of Racial Equality--Trials, litigation, etc.","United States. District Court (Georgia : Southern District)"],"dcterms_title":["W. G. Anderson, Elijah Harris, Slater King, Emanuel Jackson, and Martin Luther King, Jr. v. The City of Albany, Asa D. Kelley, Jr., Mayor the City of Albany, et al."],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://catalog.archives.gov/id/2612100"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Kelley, Asa D., 1922-1997--Trials, litigation, etc.","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Trials, litigation, etc.","Anderson, William G., 1927- --Trials, litigation, etc.","King, Slater, 1927-1969--Trials, litigation, etc.","Harris, Elijah","Jackson, Emanuel"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_2641479","title":"Letter to the State Superintendent of School Filed in the Case William Wittkamper, et. al. v. James Harvey, et. al. and the School Board of Americus Georgia","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Sumter County, Americus, 32.07239, -84.23269"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Georgia : Middle District : Americus Division)"],"dc_date":["1960-08-30"],"dcterms_description":["This item contains a letter sent to Dr. Purcell the State Superintendent of Schools."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["National Archives Identifier: 2641479"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of the District Courts of the United States, 1685-2009, Civil Case Files, National Archives at Atlanta."],"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Georgia--Americus","Discrimination in education--Georgia--Americus","Koinonia Farm","Americus (Ga.). Board of Education--Trials, litigration, etc."],"dcterms_title":["Letter to the State Superintendent of School Filed in the Case William Wittkamper, et. al. v. James Harvey, et. al. and the School Board of Americus Georgia"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2641479"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Wittkamper, William--Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_279229","title":"Complaint from Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne A. Hunter vs. Walter Danner, Registrar of the University of Georgia","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Georgia : Northern District : Atlanta Division)"],"dc_date":["1960-01-01/1960-12-31"],"dcterms_description":["This document is a complaint relating to the refusal of the University of Georgia to consider the admission applications of African-American residents of Georgia under the same terms and conditions as those of white applicants. It details the attempts of Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne A. Hunter to gain admission to the University of Georgia. The suit to be brought in response to the complaint sought a preliminary and permanent injunction against officials of the University System of Georgia from refusing to give all applicants equal consideration."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["File Unit: Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter v. Walter Danner, Registrar of the University of Georgia, Civil 450, 1959 - 1964, : Civil Case Files, 8/1955 - 4/1/1968, Group 21: Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685 - 2009"],"dcterms_subject":["College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","University of Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Complaint from Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne A. Hunter vs. Walter Danner, Registrar of the University of Georgia"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://catalog.archives.gov/id/279229"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Hunter-Gault, Charlayne--Trials, litigation, etc.","Holmes, Hamilton, 1941- --Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_641653","title":"Plaintiffs' Preliminary Statement from Hamilton E. Holmes, et al. vs. Walter N. Danner, Registrar","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Georgia : Northern District : Atlanta Division)"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["A selection of representative pages has been digitized. The plaintiffs' preliminary statement charges the University of Georgia with a \"tacit policy of limiting admissions to the University of Georgia to white persons\" despite federal court decisions declaring segregated educational institutions to be a violation of the 14th Amendment.","On January 6, 1961, federal district court Judge W. A. Bootle ordered the immediate admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, ending 160 years of segregation at the school. Bootle's decision precipitated a constitutional crisis for state legislators, who passed legislation several years earlier mandating an immediate cut-off of state funds to any white institution that admitted a black student. As rumors circulated Athens and Atlanta regarding the possibility of the university's closing, college administrators urged students to remain calm and observe their usual routines. Order did prevail on campus until January 11, when an angry mob gathered outside Hunter's dormitory, causing significant property damage and garnering negative publicity for the university and the state. In the wake of the disturbance, state officials condemned the rioters and ultimately repealed the laws barring state support of integrated schools."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["National Archives Identifier: 641653"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of the District Courts of the United States, 1685-2009, Civil Case Files, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter v. Walter Danner, Registrar of the University of Georgia, Civil 450, 1959 - 1964, National Archives at Atlanta."],"dcterms_subject":["College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","University of Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Plaintiffs' Preliminary Statement from Hamilton E. Holmes, et al. vs. Walter N. Danner, Registrar"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://catalog.archives.gov/id/641653"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Bootle, William A., 1902-2005","Holmes, Hamilton, 1941- --Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":"IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\r\nFOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF GEORGIA\r\nATHENS DIVISION\r\n\r\n\r\nHAMILTON E. HOLMES, a minor,                                 )  [handwritten] Rec\r\nby his father and next friend,                                            Sept. 13. 1960\r\nALFRED HOLMES, and CHARLAYNE                          )   [Illegible signature]\r\nA. HUNTER, a minor, by her\r\nmother and next friend, MRS.                                       )\r\nALTHEA BROWN HUNTER, on behalf\r\nof themselves and others                                              )\r\nsimilarly situated, \r\n                                                                                      )\r\n                                                            Plaintiffs,                           CIVIL ACTION NO. 450\r\n                                                                                      )\r\n            VS.\r\n                                                                                      )\r\nWALTER N. DANNER, Registrar of\r\nthe University of Georgia,                                              )\r\n\r\n                                                            Defendant.        )\r\n\r\n                                                                                      )\r\n\r\n\r\nPLAINTIFFS' MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES\r\nIN SUPPORT OF\r\nMOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION\r\n\r\n\r\nPRELIMINARY STATEMENT\r\n\r\nThis is an action brought by the plaintiffs on behalf of\r\nthemselves and others similarly situated. The minor plaintiffs\r\nare Negro students who are qualified in all respects for ad-\r\nmission to the University of Georgia but who, because they are\r\nAmerican citizens of Negro descent, may not attend the University\r\nof Georgia. The exclusion of Negros from the University of\r\nGeorgia is a matter of common and historical knowledge of which\r\nthis Court might take judicial notice. However, plaintiffs'\r\nevidence will show that there is presently in existence a tacit\r\npolicy of limiting admissions to the University of Georgia to\r\nwhite persons despite recent court decisions holding such state\r\naction violative of the equal protection and due process clauses\r\nof the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution and that\r\nthis policy is being pursued by the defendants in this case.\r\nPursuant to this policy, the application for admission forms\r\nrequire the applicant to state his or her race. An application\r\nwhich reveals that the applicant is a Negro is immediately isolat-\r\ned from all other applications and subjected to delayed response.\r\n[Illegible writing]\r\n\r\nManning v. Board of Public Instruction of Hillsborough\r\nCounty, Florida, 277 F. 2d 370 (C.A. 5th 1960).\r\n\r\nOrleans Parish School Board v. Bush, 242 F. 2d 156 [check mark]\r\n(5th Circ. 1957).\r\n\r\nVI. However, in the instant case the plaintiffs have exhausted\r\nthe remedy provided which consumed a period of three months prior\r\nto the filing of this lawsuit.\r\n\r\n\r\nRespectfully Submitted,\r\n[Signature]\r\nDONALD L. HOLLOWELL\r\n859½ Hunter St., N. W.\r\nAtlanta 14, Georgia\r\n\r\n[Signature]\r\nTHURGOOD MARSHALL\r\nCONSTANCE BAKER MOTLEY\r\nDERRICK A. BELL\r\n10 Columbus Circle\r\nNew York 19, New York\r\n\r\nATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFFS\r\n\r\n\r\n- 5 -"},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_641654","title":"Testimony from Hamilton E. Holmes, et al. vs. Walter N. Danner, Registrar","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Georgia : Northern District : Atlanta Division)"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["The transcript includes the testimonies of Walter Danner and Hamilton Holmes, among others.","On January 6, 1961, federal district court Judge W. A. Bootle ordered the immediate admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, ending 160 years of segregation at the school. Bootle's decision precipitated a constitutional crisis for state legislators, who passed legislation several years earlier mandating an immediate cut-off of state funds to any white institution that admitted a black student. As rumors circulated Athens and Atlanta regarding the possibility of the university's closing, college administrators urged students to remain calm and observe their usual routines. Order did prevail on campus until January 11, when an angry mob gathered outside Hunter's dormitory, causing significant property damage and garnering negative publicity for the university and the state. In the wake of the disturbance, state officials condemned the rioters and ultimately repealed the laws barring state support of integrated schools."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["National Archives Identifier: 641654"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of the District Courts of the United States, 1685-2009, Civil Case Files, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter v. Walter Danner, Registrar of the University of Georgia, Civil 450, 1959 - 1964, National Archives at Atlanta."],"dcterms_subject":["College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","University of Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Testimony from Hamilton E. Holmes, et al. vs. Walter N. Danner, Registrar"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://catalog.archives.gov/id/641654"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records","testimonies"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Bootle, William A., 1902-2005","Holmes, Hamilton, 1941- --Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":"IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\r\nFOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF GEORGIA\r\nAthens Division\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHAMILTON E. HOLMES, et al.                     :\r\n\r\n                 vs:                                               :    Civil Action No. 450\r\n\r\nWALTER N. DANNER, Registrar                  :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n                                            BEFORE:  HON. W. A. BOOTLE\r\n                                                             United States Judge\r\n\r\n                                                             Athens, Georgia\r\n                                                             December 13-17, 1960\r\n\r\n                                                             VOLUME I\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n[Rubber stamp] FILED at 9:00 a.m\r\nJAN 3 1960\r\n[Signature] Betty M. Jones\r\nDeputy Clerk, U. S. District Court\r\n\r\n\r\nJULIA A. SMITH\r\nOFFICIAL COURT REPORTER\r\nEASTMAN, GEORGIA\r\nCC\r\nNATIONAL ARCHIVES CATALOG NATIONAL ARCHIVES CATALOG\r\nARCHIVES.GOV\r\nLOGIN\r\nREGISTER\r\nVETERANS' SERVICE RECORDS\r\nHELP\r\nAPI\r\nCONTACT US\r\nAbout Us Privacy Policy \r\nAccessibility FOIA USA.gov\r\nSearch Term\r\nAdvanced Search Login Register\r\nTranscript of Testimony  Close\r\nPage 61, A selection of representative pages has been digitized.         \u003c\u003c \u003c Image  \r\n2\r\n of 4 \u003e \u003e\u003e\r\nTag\r\nComment\r\nTranscribe\r\nContributors: AngelaCabrera      (Last updated 3 years ago)\r\n \r\nPhelps- Direct                                                               61\r\n\r\n\r\nQ. And this was the time, you say, when Mr. Kea and\r\nMr. Danner were present?\r\n\r\nA. That's right.\r\n\r\nQ. Tell in your own words what happened at the inter-\r\nview, please sir?\r\n\r\nA. I opened the interview, as is customary, and the three\r\nof us talked with Miss Hunter about the various questions which\r\nwe normally ask at an interview, and she answered these ques-\r\ntions. That is about the gist of it.\r\n\r\nQ. How long were you questioning her?\r\n\r\nA. I would say forty five minutes, probably, maybe a\r\nlittle longer.\r\n\r\nQ. Would you say anywhere from forty five minutes to an\r\nhour fifteen minutes or so?\r\n\r\nA. Perhaps.\r\n\r\nQ. Is it customary for you to interview applicants for\r\nthis period of time?\r\n\r\nA. In difficult cases perhaps longer than this.\r\n\r\nQ. What do you mean by difficult?\r\n\r\nA. Cases where there is some question about whether the\r\nstudent qualifies for admission to the university or not.\r\n\r\nQ. Was there any question in your mind concerning the\r\nadequacy of the transcripts of Miss Hunter?\r\n\r\nA. Well, we had never had a student from this school\r\nbefore, so far as I know, so this would always raise a question\r\nas to whether this school turns out the type of students which\r\nPhelps - Direct                                               62\r\n\r\n\r\nwe [SIC] wold want to accept at the University.\r\n\r\nQ. What school are you talking about?\r\n\r\nA. Well, her high school or her college [SIC] eitherone.\r\n\r\nQ. Do you recall what they were?\r\n\r\nA. Turner High in Atlanta, I believe, and Wayne State\r\nUniversity in Detroit.\r\n\r\nQ. You were not familiar with Wayne State University?\r\n\r\nA. No. I had never interviewed a student from Wayne\r\nState before.\r\n\r\nQ. Were you familiar with the University itself?\r\n\r\nA. Not very familiar.\r\n\r\nQ. I mean you do know that it is an accredited university\r\ndo you not?\r\n\r\nA. I believe so.\r\n\r\nQ. Was there anything about her high school transcript\r\nthat you had any doubt about?\r\n\r\nA. Only that we have never received a student from this \r\nschool before, [SIC] wo we don't know what the transcript means. If\r\nwe get a student from a school that we have never received a\r\nstudent before we question, whether the school is accredited,\r\nwhether the grades mean what we would hope they would mean.\r\n\r\nQ. Did you ever have the [SIC] occasoon to write the high\r\nschool from which she came?\r\n\r\nA. No.\r\n\r\nQ. Did you ever have the occasion to write the university\r\nfrom which she came?\r\n\r\nQ. Do you recall who made out the check sheet in con-\r\nnection with Miss Hunter's application?\r\n\r\nA. I made out the check sheet.\r\n\r\nQ. Is that - we are referring to the interview sheet.\r\n\r\nA. Yeah.\r\n\r\nQ. Is that interview sheet here, sir? We subpoenaed it.\r\n(Paper handed to counsel) I show you Plff. Ex. 13 and ask you\r\n"},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_3285740","title":"William Wittkamper, et. al. v. James Harvey, et. al. and the School Board of Americus, Georgia","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Sumter County, Americus, 32.07239, -84.23269"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Georgia : Middle District : Americus Division)"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["This file unit consists of Civil Case File No. 486, William Wittkamper, et. al. v. 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Gayle was a federal court case filed in 1956 in the U. S. District Court for the Northern (Montgomery) Division of the Middle District of Alabama.  The case challenged segregation within the Montgomery, Alabama, public transportation system.  The court ruled that the Montgomery segregation codes were unconstitutional due to their violation of the due process and equal protection clauses of the 14th Amendment.  The U. S. Supreme Court later affirmed the District Court's judgment.","Browder v. Gayle, is well known in civil rights history because it brought to public attention a 25-year-old Montgomery, Alabama, minister--Martin Luther King, Jr.  As president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, King led the Montgomery bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested.  Mrs. Parks refused to give up her seat to a white person on a crowded Montgomery bus in 1955, an incident that became a milestone in civil rights history.  Although not a party to the case, Rosa Parks' arrest record and fingerprints are exhibits to the case.  The plaintiffs in this case were Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, Claudette Colvin, and Mary Louise Smith, all of whom had been either arrested for refusing to give up their seats to white passengers or harmed by being forced to comply with segregation codes.","Among those who testified before the court on May 11, 1956, were Aurelia Browder, Mary Louise Smith, and Claudette Colvin."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of the District Courts of the United States, 1685-2004, Civil Case Files, Testimony from Aurelia S. Browder et al. v. W. A. 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