{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1669","title":"Samuel Younge, Jr.","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Macon County, 32.38597, -85.69267","United States, Alabama, Macon County, Tuskegee, 32.42415, -85.69096"],"dcterms_creator":["Summerlin, Donnie"],"dc_date":["2008-09-02"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Samuel Younge Jr. (1944-1966), the first black college student to be killed as a result of his involvement in the American civil rights movement. During the mid-1960s, Younge worked to desegregate public facilities and led voter-registration drives in Macon County and in other parts of the South. His violent death in 1966 for trying to use a whites-only restroom inspired civil rights workers in Alabama and throughout the nation to continue their work for racial equality and pushed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to publicly oppose American involvement in the Vietnam War.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Tuskegee","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Tuskegee","African American college students--Alabama--Tuskegee","College students--Alabama--Tuskegee","Assassination--Alabama--Macon County","Shooting (Execution)--Alabama--Macon County","Homicide--Alabama--Macon County","African American civil rights workers--Death","African American civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--Macon County","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements"],"dcterms_title":["Samuel Younge, Jr."],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1669"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Younge, Sammy, 1944-1966"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1644","title":"Arthur Davis Shores","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249","United States, Alabama, Tuscaloosa County, Tuscaloosa, 33.20984, -87.56917"],"dcterms_creator":["Woodham, Rebecca"],"dc_date":["2008-08-16"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about African American attorney Arthur Davis Shores who worked for racial equality, despite threats and violence. Shores was one of the first and most successful black attorneys in Alabama, whose career defending civil rights began in the 1930s and continued until his death in 1996. His most notable case was representing Autherine Lucy, a black woman whose admission to the University of Alabama in 1955 was fought by the white establishment.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American lawyers--Alabama--Birmingham","Lawyers--Alabama--Birmingham","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation in education--Alabama","College integration--Alabama--Tuscaloosa","University of Alabama","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Civil rights movements--Alabama","City council members--Alabama--Birmingham"],"dcterms_title":["Arthur Davis Shores"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1644"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["interactive resource","articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Shores, Arthur D. (Arthur Davis), 1904-1996","Lucy, Autherine, 1929-2022"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1633","title":"U. W. Clemon","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Fair, Bryan K."],"dc_date":["2008-08-11"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about U. W. Clemon (1943- ), Alabama's first black federal judge. Clemon also served as chief judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, and before that distinguished himself as a student, a civil rights activist, a lawyer, a state senator, and a civic and church leader.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American judges--Alabama","Judges--United States","United States. District Court (Alabama : Northern District)--Officials and employees","Civil rights workers--Alabama","African American civil rights workers--Alabama","African American lawyers--Alabama","Lawyers--Alabama","Legislators--Alabama","African American legislators--Alabama","Civic leaders--Alabama","African American civic leaders--Alabama","Segregation in education--Alabama","NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund"],"dcterms_title":["U. W. Clemon"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1633"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Clemon, U. W., 1943-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1605","title":"Freedom Rides","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Calhoun County, Anniston, 33.65983, -85.83163","United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Eckelmann, Susan"],"dc_date":["2008-07-24"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the 1961 Freedom Rides, public bus trips undertaken by racially integrated groups through the Deep South to test the enforcement of a newly enacted court order prohibiting segregation in interstate bus terminals. The riders were met with hostility and violence in a number of states, but they encountered some of the worst violence in Alabama. Civil authorities at the state and local levels actively refrained from protecting the participants from violent mobs, forcing the federal government to intervene. The nonviolent protests played a key role in publicizing the hostility facing the civil rights movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","Government, Resistance to--Southern States","Congress of Racial Equality","Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Buses--Southern States","Bus terminals--Southern States","Bus lines--Southern States","Trailways","Greyhound Lines","Railroads--Southern States","Railroad stations--Southern States","Railroad travel--Southern States","African Americans--Travel--Southern States","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregationists--Southern States","Compliance","Discrimination--Southern States","Race discrimination--Southern States","Race relations","Southern States--Race relations","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Restaurants--Southern States","Interstate commerce--Southern States","Federal-state controversies--Southern States","Intervention (Federal government)--Southern States","Intimidation--Southern States","Mobs--Southern States","Riots--Southern States","Race riots--Southern States","Racism--Southern States","White supremacy movements--Southern States","Violence--Southern States","Social justice--Southern States","African Americans--Crimes against--Southern States","Offenses against the person--Southern States","Offenses against the person--South Carolina--Rock Hill","Offenses against the person--Alabama--Birmingham","Offenses against the person--Alabama--Montgomery","Southern States--Politics and government--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--History--20th century","Jails--Southern States","Imprisonment--Southern States","Arrest--Southern States","Police--Southern States","Police chiefs--Southern States","Direct action--Southern States","Nonviolence--Southern States","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )","Assault and battery--South Carolina--Rock Hill","Assault and battery--Alabama--Birmingham","Assault and battery--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Violence against","Civil rights workers--Violence against","Incendiary bombs--Alabama--Anniston","Bombings--Alabama--Anniston","United States. Interstate Commerce Commission"],"dcterms_title":["Freedom Rides"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1605"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973","Lewis, John, 1940-2020","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011","Mann, Floyd H., 1920-1996","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1593","title":"Southern Conference for Human Welfare","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Woodham, Rebecca"],"dc_date":["2008-07-07"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Birmingham-based Southern Conference for Human Welfare (SCHW) which worked from 1938 to 1948 and tried to bring long-overdue New Deal-inspired reforms to the South. In particular, the organization was committed to improving social justice and civil rights and instituting electoral reform in the region by repealing the poll tax. Perhaps the most noteworthy of a number of organizations that grew out of the movement for regional reform in the 1930s, the SCHW folded because of funding problems and charges of harboring Communist sympathies, but it laid the groundwork for future civil rights activism.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Southern Conference for Human Welfare","Social change--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham"],"dcterms_title":["Southern Conference for Human Welfare"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1593"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1581","title":"Juliette Hampton Morgan","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["Stanton, Mary"],"dc_date":["2008-06-30"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Juliette Hampton Morgan, a Montgomery librarian, who was a member of a small group of white liberal Southerners who advocated racial justice in the 1940s and 1950s, a time of great social and political upheaval in Alabama. In her letters to the editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, in essays, and in private correspondence with friends, family members, and colleagues, Morgan made some of the most insightful observations in the historical record about Montgomery's racial crises. She wrote as a seventh-generation Southerner, not as an outside agitator, and her work to eliminate racial segregation came with great personal sacrifice and at a high cost.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Women social reformers--Alabama--Montgomery","Women librarians--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","White supremacy movements--Alabama--Montgomery","White Citizens councils--Alabama--Montgomery","Social change--Alabama--Montgomery","Women civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Intimidation--Alabama--Montgomery"],"dcterms_title":["Juliette Hampton Morgan"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1581"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Morgan, Juliette Hampton, 1914-1957"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1580","title":"Modern Civil Rights Movement in Alabama","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Dallas County, 32.32597, -87.10648","United States, Alabama, Dallas County, Selma, 32.40736, -87.0211","United States, Alabama, Lowndes County, 32.15475, -86.65011","United States, Alabama, Macon County, 32.38597, -85.69267","United States, Alabama, Macon County, Tuskegee, 32.42415, -85.69096","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["Jeffries, Hasan Kwame, 1973-"],"dc_date":["2008-06-17"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the modern civil rights movement in Alabama which began with a single act of civil disobedience by Rosa Parks in Montgomery in 1955. It began to fade from the public eye a decade later, following the formation of the original Black Panther Party in Lowndes County. During the intervening years, Alabama was the site of some of the most defining events of the civil rights era. These events transformed the state and profoundly changed America.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--Alabama","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama","African American civil rights workers--Alabama","Civil rights workers--Alabama","African Americans--Alabama","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama","Civil rights--Alabama","African Americans--Segregation--Alabama","Segregation--Alabama","Race discrimination--Alabama","Alabama--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","Direct action--Alabama","Passive resistance--Alabama","Nonviolence--Alabama","Boycotts--Alabama","Buses--Alabama--Montgomery","Montgomery Bus Boycott, Montgomery, Ala., 1955-1956","Montgomery Improvement Association","Black Panther Party","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","African American clergy--Alabama","Clergy--Alabama","African American lawyers--Alabama","Lawyers--Alabama","Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights","Governors--Alabama","Voter registration--Alabama--Tuskegee","Sit-ins--Alabama","Freedom Rides, 1961","African American college students--Alabama","College students--Alabama","Project C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","Segregation in education--Alabama","Segregation in higher education--Alabama","School integration--Alabama","Selma to Montgomery Rights March (1965 : Selma, Ala.)","Judges--United States","Democratic Party (Alabama)","National Democratic Party of Alabama"],"dcterms_title":["Modern Civil Rights Movement in Alabama"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1580"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Parks, Rosa, 1913-2005","Durr, Virginia Foster","Durr, Clifford J. (Clifford Judkins), 1899-1975","Gray, Fred D., 1930-","Nixon, Edgar Daniel","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011","Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021","Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973","Johnson, Frank Minis, 1918-1999","Liuzzo, Viola, 1925-1965"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1574","title":"Virginia Foster Durr","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["Woodham, Rebecca"],"dc_date":["2008-06-13"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Virginia Foster Durr, a constant presence in Alabama politics and the movement for civil rights. She spent years working to abolish the poll tax and to end segregation, and her husband, Clifford, an attorney, was involved with a number of civil rights cases.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Women social reformers--Alabama","Civil rights workers--Alabama","Southern Conference for Human Welfare","African Americans--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","Communists--Alabama"],"dcterms_title":["Virginia Foster Durr"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1574"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Durr, Virginia Foster"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1567","title":"Montgomery Bus Boycott","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["Burns, Stewart"],"dc_date":["2008-06-09"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, which began with Rosa Parks's refusal to give her seat to a white man. Beginning in 1955, the 13-month nonviolent protest by the black citizens of Montgomery aimed to desegregate the city's public bus system, Montgomery City Lines. Its success led to a November 1956 Supreme Court decision overturning segregated transportation that was legalized by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, an area left untouched by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas decision to desegregate public schools.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Montgomery Bus Boycott, Montgomery, Ala., 1955-1956","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Boycotts--Alabama--Montgomery","Buses--Alabama--Montgomery","Passive resistance--Alabama--Montgomery","Nonviolence--Alabama--Montgomery","Race discrimination--Alabama--Montgomery","Race relations","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation--Alabama--Montgomery","Segregation--Alabama--Montgomery","Montgomery Improvement Association","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery"],"dcterms_title":["Montgomery Bus Boycott"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1567"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Parks, Rosa, 1913-2005","Durr, Virginia Foster","Durr, Clifford J. (Clifford Judkins), 1899-1975","Nixon, Edgar Daniel","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Gray, Fred D., 1930-","Morgan, Juliette Hampton, 1914-1957"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1561","title":"Democratic Party in Alabama","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Cotter, Patrick R."],"dc_date":["2008-06-05"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Alabama Democratic Party which has existed for almost as long as Alabama has been a state. It was the strongest party within Alabama for most of the state's history. During the roughly fifty-year existence of the \"solid, one-party, South,\" the Democratic Party was the political party of Alabama. In recent decades, a more competitive, two-party, politics has emerged within the state, lessening Democratic Party dominance in Alabama politics. Still, roughly thirty to forty percent of Alabamians currently identify themselves as Democrats and hundreds of party members hold elected office at all levels of government throughout the state.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Democratic Party (Ala.)","National Democratic Party of Alabama","States' Rights Democratic Party","Political parties--Alabama","Alabama--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","Alabama--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["Democratic Party in Alabama"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1561"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1518","title":"National Democratic Party of Alabama","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Edmonds, Matthew C."],"dc_date":["2008-05-01"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the National Democratic Party of Alabama (NDPA) which was formed in 1968 to provide blacks with an alternative to the state's white-controlled Democratic Party. Although it failed to make significant headway in statewide campaigns, the party did have some local success and provided many African Americans with their first experience in politics.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["National Democratic Party of Alabama","Democratic Party (Ala.)","Political parties--Alabama","Political participation--Alabama","African Americans--Politics and government","African Americans--Alabama--Political activity","African Americans--Alabama","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama","Civil rights--Alabama","Black power--Alabama","Democratic National Convention (1968 : Chicago, Ill.)"],"dcterms_title":["National Democratic Party of Alabama"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1518"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1510","title":"Fred Gray","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["Key, Barclay"],"dc_date":["2008-04-15"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Fred Gray, a prominent Alabama civil rights attorney whose clients have included Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and the victims of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. When he opened his Montgomery law office in 1954, Gray was one of the few African American attorneys in the state. His career blossomed in the context of the civil rights movement, as he played a pivotal role in dismantling legal segregation in the state.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American lawyers--Alabama--Montgomery","Lawyers--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Segregation--Alabama--Montgomery","Segregation--Alabama--Montgomery","Race discrimination--Alabama--Montgomery","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","Montgomery Improvement Association","Segregation in education--Alabama--Montgomery","School integration--Alabama--Montgomery","Legislators--Alabama","African Americans--Politics and government","African American clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","Clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","Churches of Christ--Alabama"],"dcterms_title":["Fred Gray"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1510"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Gray, Fred D., 1930-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":3,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":0,"total_count":31,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"Text","hits":3}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Woodham, Rebecca","hits":3},{"value":"Bass, S. Jonathan","hits":2},{"value":"Gaillard, Frye","hits":2},{"value":"Stanton, Mary","hits":2},{"value":"Baggett, James L.","hits":1},{"value":"Bass, Jack","hits":1},{"value":"Brooks, F. Erik","hits":1},{"value":"Brown, Sarah Hart, 1938-","hits":1},{"value":"Brown, Steven P.","hits":1},{"value":"Burns, Stewart","hits":1},{"value":"Cotter, Patrick R.","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"Race relations","hits":18},{"value":"Civil rights movements--Alabama","hits":8},{"value":"Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","hits":7},{"value":"Civil rights workers--Alabama","hits":7},{"value":"Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","hits":7},{"value":"Montgomery Improvement Association","hits":7},{"value":"Race discrimination--Alabama--Montgomery","hits":7},{"value":"Segregation--Alabama--Montgomery","hits":7},{"value":"Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","hits":6},{"value":"Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","hits":6},{"value":"Montgomery Bus Boycott, Montgomery, Ala., 1955-1956","hits":6}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_personal_facet","items":[{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":6},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":4},{"value":"Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973","hits":4},{"value":"Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011","hits":4},{"value":"Durr, Clifford J. (Clifford Judkins), 1899-1975","hits":3},{"value":"Durr, Virginia Foster","hits":3},{"value":"Gray, Fred D., 1930-","hits":3},{"value":"Nixon, Edgar Daniel","hits":3},{"value":"Parks, Rosa, 1913-2005","hits":3},{"value":"Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021","hits":3},{"value":"Johnson, Frank Minis, 1918-1999","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"name_authoritative_sms","items":[{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":7},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":4},{"value":"Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973","hits":4},{"value":"Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011","hits":4},{"value":"Durr, Clifford J. (Clifford Judkins), 1899-1975","hits":3},{"value":"Durr, Virginia Foster","hits":3},{"value":"Gray, Fred D., 1930-","hits":3},{"value":"Nixon, Edgar Daniel","hits":3},{"value":"Parks, Rosa, 1913-2005","hits":3},{"value":"Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021","hits":3},{"value":"Johnson, Frank Minis, 1918-1999","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"event_title_sms","items":[{"value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Prize","hits":6},{"value":"Montgomery Bus Boycott","hits":6},{"value":"Birmingham Demonstrations","hits":4},{"value":"Selma-Montgomery March","hits":3},{"value":"Freedom Rides","hits":2},{"value":"Housing Act of 1961","hits":2},{"value":"March on Washington","hits":1},{"value":"Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike","hits":1},{"value":"Poor People's Campaign","hits":1},{"value":"University of Alabama Integration","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"location_facet","items":[{"value":"United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","hits":15},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997","hits":15},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249","hits":10},{"value":"United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026","hits":6},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Dallas County, 32.32597, -87.10648","hits":5},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Dallas County, Selma, 32.40736, -87.0211","hits":5},{"value":"United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434","hits":3},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Lowndes County, 32.15475, -86.65011","hits":2},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Macon County, 32.38597, -85.69267","hits":2},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Macon County, Tuskegee, 32.42415, -85.69096","hits":2},{"value":"United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"us_states_facet","items":[{"value":"Alabama","hits":31},{"value":"District of Columbia","hits":2},{"value":"Michigan","hits":2},{"value":"Ohio","hits":2},{"value":"California","hits":1},{"value":"Georgia","hits":1},{"value":"Massachusetts","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"year_facet","items":[{"value":"2008","hits":17},{"value":"2007","hits":14}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null},"min":"2007","max":"2008","count":31,"missing":0},{"name":"medium_facet","items":[{"value":"articles","hits":30},{"value":"interactive resource","hits":29}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"rights_facet","items":[{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"collection_titles_sms","items":[{"value":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","hits":31}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"provenance_facet","items":[{"value":"Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)","hits":31}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"class_name","items":[{"value":"Item","hits":31}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"educator_resource_b","items":[{"value":"false","hits":31}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}}]}}