{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"aru_unequal_589","title":"A Summary of Arkansas Laws Dealing with Integration 1","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1959"],"dcterms_description":["Summary of Arkansas laws that impact public education integration in the state through 1960.","Integration -- Desegregation -- Civil Rights -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Laws -- Little Rock -- Pulaski","SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE ARKANSAS LAWS AFFECTING THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SITUATION SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION NO. 5 Proposes a Constitutional Amendment to provide for local option elections on how to use local and state money for education. It will allow each district to decide whether it wants a free pub­lic school system or to adopt a method of student assistance. It also contains a provision for school millage rates to revert either to the current rate or thirty mills, whichever Is lower, on the electorate^ disapproval of the millage proposed by the school board. This proposed amendment will be on the ballot In the general election of November I960. It could mean the complete destruc­tion of the free public school system In the state, district by district. ACT 5 and (ACT 151 of 1959) Permits transfer of funds from one school district wherein schools are closed by order of the Governor to another school district or to non-profit private schools accredited by the state. Act 5 has been ruled unconstitutional by the U. S* District Court. (No appeal has been made yet to the U. S. Supreme Court. 7-1-59) ACT 46 of 1959 Provides for direct payment by the State Department of Education to individual students on a financial grant basis for use by student in obtaining instruction when the student is prevented from attending public school for any reason beyond his control. ACT 256 of 1959 States no person eligible to attend public school shall be re­quired to attend with students of different race. When school normally attended becomes integrated, parent or guardian may apply to State Board of Education for tuition grants to pay instruction costs in any other,publie or accredited non-profit, non-sectarian private school. Sets up procedures for applying for aid and determining the amount of aid. ACT 84 of 1955 approved February 26, 1957 Provides \"Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no child in the State of Arkansas shall be required to enroll in or attend any school wherein both white and Negro children are enrolled”. ACT 461 of 1959 This is a lengthy and detailed pupil assignment bill, patterned after the Alabama Statute which recently was upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court. It can, however, be invalid as it is applied. Each local Board of Education, or the Superintendent if so authorized, shall assign pupils upon consideration of: \"Available room and teaching capacity in the various schools; the availability of transportation facilities:the effect of the admission of new pupils upon established or proposed academic programs; the suit­ability of established curricula for articular nunlIsthe, adequacy of the pupils; the adequacy of the pupil's academic preparation for admission to a"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["A Summary of Arkansas Laws Dealing with Integration 1"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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Pupils may by mutual agreement be assigned in adjoining districts, even in different counties, and school funds transferred to follow the pupil. Teachers may be reassigned or transferred by local Beards of Education. Parents may file objections to assignments of pupils or petitions for trasnfers with local Boards. Hearings may be requested. No child can be compelled to attend desegregated schools, if written objection is filed by parent. If transfer is refused, child may be entitled to aid for education under law. ACT 19 of 1559 Amends the act authorizing recall of^school board members to require the petition be signed by 25% (instead of 15%) of qualified electors residing the school district. The successor to a recalled school board member is named by the County Beard of Education (the members of which are elected). If a member of a school board resigns, his successor is named by the remain­ing members of the school board. ACT 207 of 1959 Provides that if school director incarcerated by court for failure to comply with racial integration order, the office of the director shall not become vacant on that account, and any action taken in his absence shall be void. The act places duty on sheriff to make arrangements for school board meetings at a place of director's confinement. ACT 248 of 1959 Sets the date for the annual school election. There is a conflict in the title of the bill and the body of the bill and probably an opinion of the Attorney General or a court will be needed to determine the valid date, but it would appear that it would be either on the first Tuesday in December as shown in the enactment clause, or the first Saturday in December a3 decreed by the old law."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["A Summary of Arkansas Laws Dealing with Integration 2"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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State Education Board required to approve contracts before funds transferred. ACT 358 of 1959 Appropriates $100,000 from the Public School Fund for use of State Board of Education to assist school districts in defraying costs of litigation. ACT 4 of Extraordinary Session of 1958 Empowers the Governor to close public schools under specified conditions. This was ruled constitutional by the Arkansas Supreme Court; but was ruled unconsitutional by the U. S. District Court. No appeal to the U. S, Supreme Court has been filed. (7-1-59) ACT 466 of 1959 Provides for returning to school district wherein schools were closed by Governor funds withheld under ACT 5 of 1958 which have not been paid over to other schools. ACT 337 of 1959 Appropriates from the Public School Fund $65,000 to the Pulaski County Rural School District and $5,000 to the Hazen School District. ACT 300 of 1959 Prohibits anyon e communicating a threat or a warning of a bomb scare to any person or institution, unless there are reasonable grounds for believing real danger exists. Fine $1,000 to $5,000 or imprisonment for five years or both. ACT 10 of 1958 Teacher affidavit law. This v/as ruled constitutional by the U. S. District Court in a case filed by a Negro teacher\". On June 30, 1959 the Arkansas Supreme Court refused to grant a temporary injunction against enforcement of ACT 10; - The ruling being issued in a case filed for an instructor at the University of Arkansas and an instructor at Central High School. Provides every teacher, superintendent and principal employed by schools supported even in part by public funds must file an affidavit as to membership in or contributions to every organization within last five years. ACT 115 of 1959 Made it unlawful for any school district to employ any member of the NAACP. This was ruled unconstitut1onal by the U. S. District Court."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["A Summary of Arkansas Laws Dealing with Integration 3"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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ACT 84 of 1959 Provides that notice that teachers’ contract will not be renewed can be given at any time during the life of the contract but in any e-rent not later than ten days after the close of the school term. If a teacher quits or refuses to teach in accordance with his or her contract without just cause, she or he is hereby prohibited from teaching elsewhere during the time for which he or she had heen employed. ACT 455 of 1959 Amends existing laws to provide that renewal of teacher’s contracts may be made by endorsement on existing contract. ACT 55 of 1959 Authorises continuing membership in the Teacher Retirement System for members teaching in private schools. ACT 225 of 1959 Provides ffif the county judge of any county of this state has reason to believe that any organization that is so operating within any county of this state is engaged in activities designed to hinder, harass and interfere with the powers and duties of the State of Arkansas to control and operate its public schools, he shall hold a public hearing to make a determination if such an organiztion is\" - so doing. The organization must be given 5 days noticed by registered mail. If the county judge decided the organization is so engaged, he shall request the following information: 1) the official name of the organization and list of members; 2) the office, place of business, headquarters or usual meeting place of the organization; 3) the officers, gents, servants, employees or representatives of the organization; 4) the purpose or purposes of the organization; 5) a statement disclosing whether the organization is subordinate to a parent organization; and if so, the name of the parent organization. Person having custody or control of records must supply this information and the fine for violation is $50 to $200 with each of day of violation constituting a separate offense. ACT 15 of 1959 Creates a study commission to evaluate elementary, secondary, and adult education programs administered by the State Board of Education. Provides Commissionn shall include the State Board, 4 Representatives and 3 Senators appointed by the Governor, with Legislative Council and Legislative Audit Commission represented; House Speaker and Senate President pro tem ex officio members; Education Commissioner to be ex officio secretary."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["A Summary of Arkansas Laws Dealing with Integration 4"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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The 1958 poll tax expires October 1, 1959. The 1959 poll tax now available entitles the holder of the receipt to vote in any election between October 2, 1959, and October 1, 1960 inclusive. This will include the next school board election."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["A Summary of Arkansas Laws Dealing with Integration 5"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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Virginia closed schools as well, but reopened after the law was declared unconstitutional.","Women's Emergency Committee -- Women -- Integration -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Education -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Arkansas History Commission, Jim Johnson Papers"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Women's Emergency Committee Flyer"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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