eoa_eoaa_h-1605 h-1605 eoaa eoa yes Freedom Rides Eckelmann, Susan Freedom Rides, 1961 Government, Resistance to--Southern States Congress of Racial Equality Civil rights--Southern States African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States Buses--Southern States Bus terminals--Southern States Bus lines--Southern States Trailways Greyhound Lines Railroads--Southern States Railroad stations--Southern States Railroad travel--Southern States African Americans--Travel--Southern States Segregation in transportation--Southern States Segregation--Southern States Segregationists--Southern States Compliance Discrimination--Southern States Race discrimination--Southern States Race relations Southern States--Race relations Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States Restaurants--Southern States Interstate commerce--Southern States Federal-state controversies--Southern States Intervention (Federal government)--Southern States Intimidation--Southern States Mobs--Southern States Riots--Southern States Race riots--Southern States Racism--Southern States White supremacy movements--Southern States Violence--Southern States Social justice--Southern States African Americans--Crimes against--Southern States Offenses against the person--Southern States Offenses against the person--South Carolina--Rock Hill Offenses against the person--Alabama--Birmingham Offenses against the person--Alabama--Montgomery Southern States--Politics and government--20th century Southern States--Social conditions--20th century Southern States--History--20th century Jails--Southern States Imprisonment--Southern States Arrest--Southern States Police--Southern States Police chiefs--Southern States Direct action--Southern States Nonviolence--Southern States Ku Klux Klan (1915- ) Assault and battery--South Carolina--Rock Hill Assault and battery--Alabama--Birmingham Assault and battery--Alabama--Montgomery African Americans--Violence against Civil rights workers--Violence against Incendiary bombs--Alabama--Anniston Bombings--Alabama--Anniston United States. Interstate Commerce Commission Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973 Lewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21- King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968 Patterson, John Malcolm, 1921- Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968 Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011 Mann, Floyd H., 1920-1996 Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963 Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990 Encyclopedia article about the 1961 Freedom Rides, public bus trips undertaken by racially integrated groups through the Deep South to test the enforcement of a newly enacted court order prohibiting segregation in interstate bus terminals. The riders were met with hostility and violence in a number of states, but they encountered some of the worst violence in Alabama. Civil authorities at the state and local levels actively refrained from protecting the participants from violent mobs, forcing the federal government to intervene. The nonviolent protests played a key role in publicizing the hostility facing the civil rights movement. The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata. [Auburn, Ala.] : Alabama Humanities Foundation and Auburn University Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project) Alabama Humanities Foundation Auburn University Merrill-Hall New Media 2008-07-24 Articles http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1605 Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama. 2008-07-24 Birmingham (Ala.) Jefferson County (Ala.) Montgomery (Ala.) Montgomery County (Ala.) Anniston (Ala.) Calhoun County (Ala.) Southern States Alabama All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation. Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849. 20120131 162647